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teas
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is a confounding variable? | A: A variable that affects the outcome but is not part of the experiment. TEAS may ask you to identify it in a scenario. |
| Q: What is the function of the SA node vs AV node? | A: SA node = natural pacemaker → sets heart rate AV node = slows signal → allows atria to contract before ventricles |
| Q: What is the formula for blood pressure? | A: BP = Cardiac output × Peripheral resistance |
| Q: Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation? | A: Pulmonary = to lungs, low pressure Systemic = to body, high pressure |
| Q: What happens to blood pH during hyperventilation? | A: CO₂ decreases → pH increases → respiratory alkalosis |
| Q: Function of surfactant? | A: Reduces alveolar surface tension → prevents alveoli collapse |
| Q: How does partial pressure affect hemoglobin? | A: High O₂ pressure → hemoglobin binds O₂ Low O₂ pressure → hemoglobin releases O₂ (Bohr effect) |
| Q: What is the main function of the loop of Henle? | A: Descending = water reabsorbed Ascending = salts reabsorbed |
| Q: What triggers the micturition reflex? | A: Stretch receptors in bladder → parasympathetic activation → urination |
| Q: How does RAAS regulate blood pressure? | A: Renin → angiotensin → aldosterone → sodium/water retention → BP ↑ |
| Q: Which enzymes digest carbs, fats, and proteins? | A: Amylase = carbs Lipase = fats Pepsin = proteins |
| Q: What is the role of bile? | A: Emulsifies fat → allows lipase to work efficiently |
| Q: What is absorbed in the ileum? | A: Vitamin B12 and bile salts |
| Q: Give an example of negative feedback in the endocrine system. | A: Thyroid hormone → TRH/TSH suppression when thyroid hormone is high |
| Q: Which hormone lowers blood calcium? | A: Calcitonin |
| Q: Which hormone raises blood calcium? | A: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Mnemonic: PTH → “Pull calcium” 🦴 |
| Q: Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from? | A: Maternally |
| Q: Where are ribosomes located and what is their function? | A: Free in cytoplasm or on rough ER → protein synthesis |
| Q: What is the function of lysosomes? | A: Digest macromolecules in acidic environment |
| Q: Example of active transport? | A: Sodium-potassium pump → uses ATP to move ions against concentration gradient |
| Q: When does crossing over occur? | A: Prophase I of meiosis |
| Q: Mitosis vs meiosis outcomes? | A: Mitosis → 2 identical diploid cells Meiosis → 4 haploid gametes |
| Q: Sister chromatids separate during which phase? | A: Meiosis II |
| Q: What is a start codon? | A: AUG → signals protein synthesis |
| Q: Types of mutations? | A: Silent (no amino acid change), missense (wrong amino acid), nonsense (stop codon), frameshift (insertion/deletion) |
| Q: How does the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system work? | A: Maintains blood pH around 7.4 → binds/release H⁺ as needed |
| Q: Which reaction absorbs heat? | A: Endothermic |
| Q: Which reaction releases heat? | A: Exothermic |
| Q: Which bacteria are most sensitive to penicillin? | A: Gram-positive → thick peptidoglycan |
| Q: Virus characteristics? | A: Non-cellular, obligate intracellular parasite, sometimes has lipid envelope |
| Q: Antibiotic targets? | A: Cell wall (penicillin), protein synthesis (tetracycline) |
| Q: What causes stormy weather? | A: Low-pressure system → rising air → clouds, precipitation, strong winds |
| Q: Cold vs warm front effects? | A: Cold front → rapid thunderstorms Warm front → gentle rain |
| Q: Where does weather occur? | A: Troposphere |
| Q: Name the four heart chambers. | A: Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle |
| Q: Blood flow through the heart (simplified) | A: Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body |
| Q: Difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries? | A: Arteries = carry blood away from heart Veins = carry blood to heart Capillaries = site of exchange |
| Q: Where does gas exchange occur? | A: In alveoli of lungs |
| Q: What happens during hypoventilation? | A: CO₂ builds up → blood pH drops → respiratory acidosis Mnemonic: Slow breathing → CO₂ ↑ → pH ↓ → RA |
| Q: Function of the proximal tubule? | A: Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, ions, water Mnemonic: Proximal tubule = “pro-nutrients back” 🍎 |
| Q: Which part of the nephron is affected by ADH? | A: Collecting duct |
| Q: What is intrinsic factor and its role? | A: Glycoprotein from stomach → needed for vitamin B12 absorption |
| Q: Deficiency in intrinsic factor causes? | A: Pernicious anemia |
| Q: Main hormone in luteal phase? | A: Progesterone |
| Q: LH surge triggers? | A: Ovulation |
| Q: Hormone that lowers blood calcium? | A: Calcitonin |
| Q: Layers of skin? | A: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis |
| Q: Main functions of skin? | A: Protection, thermoregulation, sensory, vitamin D synthesis |
| Q: DNA → ? → protein | A: DNA → RNA → Protein |
| Q: Chromosome number in human gamete? | A: 23 (haploid) |
| Q: Meiosis produces? | A: 4 haploid gametes |
| Q: Membrane transport types? | A: Simple diffusion → down gradient Facilitated diffusion → down gradient via protein Active transport → against gradient, uses ATP Osmosis → water diffusion |
| Q: Macromolecule primary function: Carbs? | A: Quick energy Lipids? → Long-term energy Proteins? → Structure, enzymes Nucleic acids? → Store genetic info |
| Q: Example of chemical change? | A: Rusting, combustion, digestion |
| Q: Solutions: solute vs solvent? | A: Solute = dissolved substance Solvent = does the dissolving |
| Q: Basic formula: speed = ? | A: speed = distance / time |
| Q: Probability of event? | A: (# of favorable outcomes) / (total outcomes) |
| Q: Atmospheric layers? | A: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere |
| Q: Gram-positive vs Gram-negative? | A: Gram-positive → thick peptidoglycan, sensitive to penicillin Gram-negative → thin peptidoglycan + outer membrane → resistant |
| Q: Viruses vs bacteria vs fungi? | A: Viruses → non-cellular, need host Bacteria → prokaryotes Fungi → eukaryotes, chitin cell wall |
Created by:
ryan707