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Civics final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute monarchy – divine rights of kings | A form of government where one ruler has absolute power based on divine or inherited right |
| Administrative Branch | The branch of government made up of civil servants who collect taxes and carry out laws |
| Anarchy | A situation where there is no government or laws |
| Anishinabek National Governance Agreement | The first self-government agreement in Ontario that moves Anishinabek First Nations away from the Indian Act |
| Apartheid | A racist South African government policy that separated people based on race |
| Authoritarian government | A government that demands complete obedience and limits personal freedoms |
| BNA Act | The original Constitution Act of 1867 |
| Cabinet | A group of about 25–30 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to run government departments and make policy decisions |
| Civil servant | Government workers who enforce and administer laws, such as police officers |
| Closest to the post (simple plurality) | A system where the candidate with the most votes wins, not necessarily a majority |
| Coalition Government | An alliance of two or more political parties to control more than half the seats |
| Competitive election | An election where opposition parties can freely speak, assemble, and reach voters |
| Confidence vote | A vote showing Parliament no longer supports the government, possibly triggering an election |
| Constitution | A set of fundamental rules that define government powers, responsibilities, and citizens’ rights |
| Constitutional Convention | Unwritten rules that guide how government operates |
| Constitutional democracy | A democracy where the constitution limits government power and protects rights |
| Constitutional monarchy | A system where an elected parliament and a monarch rule under a constitution |
| Crime Against Humanity | A war crime involving harm to civilians, such as genocide |
| Definitive election | An election where the winner actually holds power, not just a symbolic role |
| Democracy | A government where power belongs to the people and is exercised directly or through elected representatives |
| Dictatorship | A government ruled by one person with absolute power |
| Direct democracy | A system where citizens directly participate in making decisions |
| Due process of law | Legal protection that guarantees fair treatment, innocent until proven guilty, and the right to appeal |
| Equality before the law (rule of law) | Everyone, including government officials, must follow the law equally |
| Executive Branch | The Prime Minister and Cabinet who run the government |
| Federal system of government | A system with more than one level of government (federal, provincial, municipal) |
| First past the post (majority rule) | The candidate with the most votes wins the seat |
| Free and fair elections | Elections where people can vote or run freely and results are not manipulated |
| General Will | The idea that government should reflect the wishes and values of society |
| Genocide | Acts intended to destroy a national, ethnic, or racial group |
| Government based on consent of the governed | Government rules only because people give permission through voting |
| Head of government | The Prime Minister, leader of the party with the most seats |
| Head of state | The symbolic representative of the country (King Charles, represented by the Governor-General) |
| House of Commons | 343 elected Members of Parliament who create laws |
| House of Sober Second Thought | The Senate, which reviews laws carefully and without partisanship |
| ICC | The International Criminal Court that tries major war crimes |
| Ideology | A set of beliefs about how society should be organized |
| Illiberal democracy | A country that appears democratic but violates rights and ignores constitutional limits |
| Inalienable rights | Rights that cannot be taken away from people |
| Inclusive election | An election where most adults have the right to vote |
| Indian Act | A law that allowed the Canadian government to control Indigenous peoples and assimilate them |
| Indigenous self-government | Indigenous communities controlling their own governance through agreements |
| Intrinsic rights | Human rights that people have from birth |
| Junta | A group that rules a country after taking power by force |
| Judicial Branch | The Supreme Court of Canada, which enforces the rule of law and interprets the constitution |
| Legislation | Laws or the process of making laws |
| Legislative Branch | Parliament, which makes laws (House of Commons, Senate, Governor-General) |
| Magna Carta | A document that limited the king’s power and influenced modern constitutions |
| Majority government | A government with more than half the seats in the House of Commons |
| Majority rule | Decisions based on what more than half the people want |
| Minority government | A government with less than half the seats in the House of Commons |
| Minority rights | Rights protected so the majority cannot take them away |
| Official opposition | The party with the second-most seats that challenges the government |
| Party solidarity | The expectation that party members vote according to the party’s position |
| Periodic election | Regular elections held every few years |
| Pluralism | A system where many groups and institutions coexist in society |
| Prime Minister | The head of government who leads the cabinet and sets policy direction |
| Representation by population | Electoral system where representation is based on population size |
| Representative (indirect) democracy | A democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions |
| Royal assent | Formal approval by the Governor-General to make a bill a law |
| Rules of War | International laws that control what is allowed during war |
| Secret ballot | A voting system where each vote is private |
| Section 91 | Federal government powers like defense, banking, and foreign affairs |
| Section 92 | Provincial government powers like education and health care |
| Simple plurality | Winning an election by having the most votes, not necessarily a majority |
| Sovereignty of the people | The idea that ultimate power belongs to the people |
| Supreme Court | Canada’s highest court that decides constitutional issues |
| The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | A part of the constitution that protects fundamental rights |
| Royal Proclamation of 1763 | A document that gave Britain control over Indigenous lands |
| The Geneva Convention | International laws defining war crimes and protecting civilians |
| The Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A UN document outlining basic human rights worldwide |
| Theocracy | A government ruled by religious authority |
| Totalitarian government | An extreme authoritarian system with strict control and limited rights |
| United Nations | An international organization promoting peace and security |
| War Crime | A violation of international rules during war |
| War Crime Tribunal | A temporary court set up to try war crime |
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