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Stack #4608562
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World (Europe/Africa) and the New World (Americas). |
| New World | A term used by Europeans to describe the Americas after the voyages of Christopher Columbus. |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy where colonies exist to enrich the "mother country" by providing raw materials and a market for goods. |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources for profit. |
| Joint-Stock Companies | Businesses where investors pool their money to fund voyages or colonies in hopes of sharing the profits. |
| Chesapeake Colonies | The region consisting of Virginia and Maryland, characterized by tobacco farming and a high demand for labor. |
| Virginia Company | The English joint-stock company chartered by King James I to establish the Jamestown settlement. |
| Jamestown | Founded in 1607, it was the first permanent English settlement in North America. |
| House of Burgesses | The first representative legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia. |
| Powhatan | The powerful Native American confederacy and its leader who initially interacted with the Jamestown settlers. |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | A 1676 uprising of poor settlers and former indentured servants against the Virginia government, leading to a shift toward African slavery. |
| Indentured Servant | A person who agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the New World. |
| Pilgrims | A group of religious separatists who founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620 to escape the Church of England. |
| Puritans | Religious dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of England and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
| Middle Colonies | The diverse region (NY, NJ, PA, DE) known for "breadbasket" farming and religious tolerance. |
| William Penn | The Quaker founder of Pennsylvania who promoted religious freedom and fair treatment of Native Americans. |
| Transatlantic Trade | The exchange of goods and people across the Atlantic Ocean, often following the "Triangular Trade" routes. |
| Middle Passage | The brutal leg of the Transatlantic Trade where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas. |
| Dominion of New England | A short-lived administrative union of English colonies created by King James II to tighten royal control. |
| Navigation Acts | English laws designed to restrict colonial trade to English ships and ports to enforce mercantilism. |
| Salutary Neglect | The British policy of loosely enforcing trade laws, which allowed the colonies to develop a sense of independence. |
| Smuggling | The illegal movement of goods into or out of a country to avoid taxes or trade restrictions. |
| Chattel Slavery | System where enslaved people are legally considered the personal property of their owners for life. |
| French and Indian War | A conflict (1754–1763) between Britain and France over the Ohio River Valley that left Britain with massive debt. |
| Treaty of Paris (1763) | The agreement that ended the French and Indian War, removing France as a power in North America. |
| Albany Plan of Union | Benjamin Franklin’s early, unsuccessful proposal to create a unified government for the thirteen colonies. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | A British law forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflict with Native Americans. |
| Stamp Act | The first direct British tax on the American colonists, requiring a stamp on all legal documents and newspapers. |
| Townshend Acts | British taxes on imported goods like glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. |
| Boston Massacre | A 1770 confrontation where British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists, killing five. |
| Tea Act | A law that gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies. |
| Boston Tea Party | A 1773 protest where the Sons of Liberty dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. |
| Intolerable Acts | A series of harsh laws passed by Britain to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. |
| “Taxation without Representation” | The colonial slogan expressing the belief that Britain could not tax them without colonial voices in Parliament. |
| Social Contract Theory | The idea that individuals give up some rights to a government in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. |
| Sons of Liberty | A secret organization of colonists formed to oppose British taxation through protests and boycotts. |
| Daughters of Liberty | Colonial women who supported the boycott of British goods by making their own clothes and tea. |
| Committees of Correspondence | Groups organized by colonial leaders to spread news and coordinate resistance against Britain. |
| Patriot | A colonist who supported the cause of American independence from Britain. |
| Loyalist | A colonist who remained loyal to the British King during the American Revolution. |
| Thomas Paine’s Common Sense | A widely read pamphlet that used simple language to argue for immediate independence from Britain. |
| Continental Army | The official army of the colonies during the Revolutionary War, commanded by George Washington. |
| Declaration of Independence | Document principally written by Thomas Jefferson using Enlightenment ideas to argue that all men have natural rights and government exists by the consent of the governed. |
| Thomas Hobbes | A philosopher who believed people are naturally selfish and need a strong, absolute ruler to maintain order. |
| John Locke | An Enlightenment thinker who argued that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. |
| Natural Rights | Fundamental rights that all humans are born with and that no government can take away. |
| Lord Cornwallis | The British general who surrendered his army at Yorktown, effectively ending the war. |
| Crossing the Delaware (Battle of Trenton) | A surprise Christmas night attack by Washington that boosted American morale. |
| Saratoga | The 1777 "turning point" battle that convinced France to officially join the war on the American side. |
| Marquis de Lafayette | A French noble who served as a general in the Continental Army and helped secure French aid. |
| Yorktown | The final major battle of the Revolution where British forces surrendered to American and French troops. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | This treaty officially ended the war, recognized the United States as an independent nation, and established the Mississippi River as the country's western border. |
| Liberty | The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority. |
| Democratic Republic | A form of government where citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first U.S. constitution, which created a very weak central government with no power to tax. |
| Shay’s Rebellion | An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers that proved the Articles of Confederation were too weak. |
| Constitutional Convention | The 1787 meeting in Philadelphia intended to revise the Articles but resulting in a new Constitution. |
| Federalism | A system of government where power is shared between the national government and state governments. |
| Separation of Powers | Dividing government responsibilities into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny. |
| Montesquieu | A French philosopher who proposed the separation of government powers into three branches. |
| Prohibition of International Slave Trade | A constitutional provision that prevented Congress from banning the slave trade until 1808. |
| Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches. |
| 3/5 Compromise | An agreement to count three-fifths of a state's enslaved population for both representation and taxation. |
| Great Compromise | The deal that created a two-house legislature, with representation based on population in the House and equal for all states in the Senate. |
| Limited Government | The principle that government power is restricted by law, usually a constitution. |
| Federalists | Supporters of the new Constitution who favored a strong national government. |
| Anti-Federalists | Opponents of the Constitution who feared a strong central government and demanded a Bill of Rights. |
| Ratification | The process of formal approval, specifically for the U.S. Constitution. |
| Federalist Papers | A series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to convince New Yorkers to ratify the Constitution. |
| The Federalist | Another name for the collection of the Federalist Papers. |
| Alexander Hamilton | The first Secretary of the Treasury and leader of the Federalist Party. |
| James Madison | Known as the "Father of the Constitution" and a key author of the Federalist Papers and Bill of Rights. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect individual liberties. |
| Federalist Party | An early political party that favored a strong central government, a national bank, and loose interpretation of the Constitution. |
| Democratic-Republican Party | An early party led by Jefferson that favored state rights, agriculture, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. |
| Hamilton’s Financial Plan | Hamilton’s plan aimed to stabilize the economy by having the federal government assume state debts, creating a National Bank, and imposing tariffs to protect American industry. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | A protest by farmers against a federal tax on whiskey, which Washington suppressed to demonstrate federal power. |
| Regionalism/Sectionalism | Loyalty to the interests of one's own region (North vs. South) rather than to the country as a whole. |
| Jay’s Treaty | An agreement with Britain that settled post-war tensions but was criticized for being too favorable to the British. |
| Pinckney’s Treaty | A treaty with Spain that gave the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi River and use the port of New Orleans. |
| French Revolution | A social and political upheaval in France that divided American opinion on whether to support the new republic. |
| Non-Intervention (Neutrality) Policy | Washington’s stance that the U.S. should avoid taking sides in European wars. |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | A final speech where Washington warned against permanent foreign alliances and the dangers of political parties. |
| What were the primary features of Native American societies before European contact? | Pre-contact societies were highly diverse and organized primarily around their local environments and kinship ties. |
| How did agriculture and trade influence the development of Native American social structures? | The cultivation of maize led to settled populations, specialized jobs, and complex social hierarchies. |
| Describe the Native Americans' relationship with the land and nature. | Native Americans viewed land as a communal resource with spiritual significance rather than as private property. |
| What were the key motivations for European exploration? | Europeans were driven by the "Three Gs": Gold (wealth), Glory (power), and God (spreading Christianity). |
| Compare and contrast the exploration approaches of the British, French, and Spanish | The Spanish sought conquest and labor, the French focused on the fur trade and alliances, and the British prioritized permanent agricultural settlements. |
| What was the Columbian Exchange, and how did it affect Europe, Africa, and the Americas? | This was the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that led to a European population boom but devastated Native American populations. |
| What challenges and successes marked the establishment of Jamestown and Plymouth Colony? | Jamestown struggled with disease and starvation before finding success with tobacco, while Plymouth faced a harsh climate but survived through religious unity and help from Native Americans. |
| Describe the economic, religious, and governance differences between the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies | New England focused on Puritanism and small-scale farming, the Middle Colonies practiced religious tolerance and grew grains, and the Southern Colonies relied on large-scale plantation agriculture. |
| Why was tobacco significant to the Southern colonies? | Tobacco became the "cash crop" that saved the Virginia colony and established a permanent, labor-intensive plantation economy in the South. |
| Explain the role of indentured servitude and the transatlantic slave trade in the colonial economy. | Indentured servants provided early labor in exchange for passage to America, but were eventually replaced by the forced labor of the transatlantic slave trade to meet growing plantation demands. |
| What were the causes and consequences of Bacon’s Rebellion? | This 1676 uprising was caused by tensions between poor settlers and the wealthy elite, leading to a permanent shift from indentured servitude to enslaved African labor. |
| How did the French and Indian War set the stage for colonial unrest? | The war left Britain with a massive debt, leading them to end "salutary neglect" and impose new taxes on the colonies to pay for their defense. |
| What were the colonial reactions to British taxation policies like the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts? | Colonists responded with organized boycotts, protests by groups like the Sons of Liberty, and the popular slogan "No Taxation Without Representation." |
| Identify the contributions of Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Benjamin Franklin to the revolutionary movement. | Samuel Adams organized radical resistance in Boston, Patrick Henry fueled the movement with fiery speeches like "Give me liberty, or give me death!", and Benjamin Franklin served as a vital diplomat to secure foreign support. |
| What was the significance of the First Continental Congress in 1774? | Delegates from twelve colonies met to coordinate a unified response to the Intolerable Acts, marking the first major step toward a collective colonial government. |
| What were the causes and outcomes of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown? | Lexington and Concord started the war, Saratoga was the turning point that brought in French aid, and Yorktown was the final victory where the British surrendered. |
| Who were the authors of the Declaration of Independence, and what were its key ideas? | Principally written by Thomas Jefferson, the document used Enlightenment ideas to argue that all men have natural rights and that government exists only by the consent of the governed. |
| How did foreign allies like France contribute to the American victory? | France provided the Continental Army with vital funding, supplies, a powerful navy, and professional military leadership that were essential for defeating Britain. |
| What were the terms and significance of the Treaty of Paris (1783)? | This treaty officially ended the war, recognized the United States as an independent nation, and established the Mississippi River as the country's western border. |
| What were the main weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? | They created a central government that could not tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws. |
| How did Shays’ Rebellion highlight the need for a stronger central government? | This uprising of struggling farmers showed that the central government was too weak to maintain order or protect property, sparking the call for a new Constitution. |
| Explain the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise. | |
| What were the main arguments of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists during the ratification debate? | Federalists argued for a strong national government to ensure stability, while Anti-Federalists feared government tyranny and demanded a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties. |
| Executive branch role | The Executive branch, led by the President, is responsible for carrying out and enforcing federal laws. |
| Legislative branch role | The Legislative branch, consisting of Congress, is responsible for drafting and passing new laws. |
| Judicial branch role | The Judicial branch, headed by the Supreme Court, is responsible for interpreting laws and deciding if they are constitutional. |
| Discuss the process in which the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution and why | The Bill of Rights was added as the first ten amendments to the Constitution to protect individual liberties and address Anti-Federalist concerns. |
| 1st Amendment | Protects the five core freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. |
| 2nd Amendment | Protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms. |
| 3rd Amendment | Prohibits the government from forcing citizens to house (quarter) soldiers in their homes during peacetime. |
| 4th Amendment | Protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures and requires a warrant based on probable cause. |
| 5th Amendment | Guarantees rights in criminal cases, including the right to remain silent and protection against double jeopardy and self-incrimination. |
| 6th Amendment | Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases. |
| 7th Amendment | Provides for the right to a jury trial in certain civil (non-criminal) cases involving property or money disputes. |
| 8th Amendment | Prohibits the government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. |
| 9th Amendment | States that the people have other fundamental rights that are not specifically listed in the Constitution. |
| 10th Amendment | Establishes that any powers not granted to the federal government belong to the states or the people. |
| What key precedents did George Washington set as the first U.S. president? | Established traditions such as creating a cabinet of advisors, maintaining neutrality in foreign wars, and limiting himself to two terms in office. |
| Outline Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan and its components. | Aimed to stabilize the economy by having the federal government assume state debts, creating a National Bank, and imposing tariffs to protect American industry. |
| What caused the Whiskey Rebellion, and why was it significant? | Caused by a federal tax on liquor; significant because Washington’s use of military force proved that the new central government could enforce its laws. |
| What were the ideological differences between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans? | Federalists (Hamilton) favored a strong central government and industrial economy; Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) favored states' rights and an agrarian (farming) society. |
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