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Regilyn Balliao
Pathophysiology
| The nurse is caring for a patient with a genetic disease that is transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. Which is the most likely diagnosis for this patient? | Cystic Fibrosis |
| Adaptive cellular mechanisms function to: | protect cells from injury |
| If a patient has liquefactive necrosis, which organ should the nurse assess first? | Brain |
| The nurse in the genetics clinic is describing a genetic disease that leads to progressive dementia in middle or later adulthood. To which disease is the nurse most likely referring? | Huntington disease |
| The triplet of base pairs necessary to code for a specific amino acid is called a: | codon |
| The outward manifestation of a disease, often influenced by both genes and the environment, is called the disease: | phenotype |
| The condition that occurs when a zygote is missing in each cell is referred to as: | a monosomy |
| The process by which RNA is formed from DNA for protein synthesis as: | transcription |
| The somatic cell that contains a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called: | an euploid cell |
| Which is the chief function of ribosomes? | protein synthesis |
| Cellular atrophy is: | a decrease in cell size |
| The process by which cells program themselves to die: | Apoptosis |
| Which causes metaplasia in humans? | cell injury from noxious stimuli |
| The postmortem decrease in a patient's body temperature will be documented as: | algor mortis |
| Dysplasia is characterized by abnormal changes in: | cell secretions |
| Clastogens are agents that cause: | chromosomal breakage |
| Which organ is most frequently affected by chronic alcohol (ethanol) injury? | Liver |
| The nurse documents "tattooing and stippling" in a trauma patient. Which type of injury does this patient have? | gunshot wounds |
| When a patient has an extreme laceration (laceration with a flap), which medical term should the nurse document on the chart? | an avulsion |
| A disease results in accumulation of lipids in the nerve cells of the brain: | Tay-Sachs disease |
| A patient with a combined immune deficiency lacks | T and B lymphocytes |
| When assessing a pt with SLE, you should expect to identify | arthralgia, anemia, and rash |
| Your pt is having a reaction to a bee sting. Which type of hypersensitivity are they displaying? | Type 1 |
| The major phagocytic cells in inflammation are | neutrophils and macrophages |
| What is the role of plasmin in the inflammatory response cycle? | It controls clotting by breaking down fibrin |
| Among the many innate defenses the body has to pathogens, the first line of defense is the | skin and mucous membranes |
| Which substance is released during a viral infection and signals neighboring cells to enhance viral defenses? | Interferon |
| What term is used to describe the process of endocytosis? | Engulment |
| DiGeorge syndrome is characterized by absence or underdevelopment of which organ? | Thymus |
| You're planning a community teaching event about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To which population should your teaching be primarily targeted? | Women, 20-40 years old |
| A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? | Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. |
| A 19-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition? | Acidosis |
| Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? | Pneumonia |
| For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: | kidney excretion of H+. |
| A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: | sodium |
| A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? | Laxative abuse |
| Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? | Acute acidosis |
| When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of: | autoimmunity |
| A nurse recalls that an example of an immune-complex-mediated disease is: | serum sickness. |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? | HIV is a retrovirus. |
| The nurse would correctly respond that the etiology of a congenital immune deficiency is due to a(n): | genetic defect. |
| A 30-year-old female complains of fatigue, arthritis, rash, and changes in urine color. Laboratory testing reveals anemia, lymphopenia, and kidney inflammation. Assuming a diagnosis of SLE, which of the following is also likely to be present? | Autoantibodies |
| When a patient presents at the emergency department for an allergic reaction, the nurse recognizes the most severe consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is: | anaphylaxis. |
| A 5-year-old male presents with low-set ears, a fish-shaped mouth, and involuntary rapid muscular contraction. Laboratory testing reveals decreased calcium levels. Which of the following diagnosis is most likely? | T-lymphocyte deficiency |
| A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: | anaphylaxis |
| A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: | delayed age of onset. |
| A patient demonstrates severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of part of chromosome 5. What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart? | Cri du chat syndrome |
| A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? | XXY |
| A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? | Tetraploidy |
| Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? | Autosomal recessive |
| A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? | TAGCCTAG |
| What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? | Nondisjunction |
| A 15-year-old female presents to the ER She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries? | Manual strangulation |
| A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient’s body? | Protein |
| Confirmation of somatic death is based on: | complete cessation of respiration and circulation. |
| A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: | calcium |
| When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an: | increase in size. |
| A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for? | Subdural hematoma |
| Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: | decreased ATP production. |
| An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. The nurse knows this patient is experiencing: | frailty |
| A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased? | Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
| A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? | Enzymes |
| Which genetic change causes alterations in only one or a few nucleotide bases? | Point mutations |
| Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: | new blood vessel growth. |
| A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 mcg/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water? | Skin |
| Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells that were not directly irradiated are referred to as: | bystander effects. |
| The role of physical activity in the prevention of colon cancer is identified by which of the following? | It increases gut motility, thereby decreasing the time the bowel is exposed to mutagens. |
| A patient develops skin cancer on the head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is most likely? | Basal cell carcinoma |
| A nurse is preparing to teach the most common malignancy in children. Which malignancy should the nurse discuss? | Leukemia |
| The most common type of tissue cancer occurring between ages 15 and 19 is: | carcinoma. |
| The nurse explains to a parent that young children diagnosed with Down syndrome are at higher risk for developing: | leukemia |
| What is the origin of most childhood cancers? | Mesodermal germ layer |
| Several years after an amputation, the patient continues to sporadically feel pain in the absent hand. What type of pain should the nurse document in the chart? | Phantom limb pain |
| When the nurse is taking a patient’s temperature, which principle should the nurse remember? Regulation of body temperature primarily occurs in the: | hypothalamus. |
| A patient asks the nurse where nociceptors can be found. How should the nurse respond? One location in which nociceptors can be found is the: | skin. |
| What is the physiologic response when the body’s core temperature is altered due to prolonged exposure to a cold environment? | Ischemic tissue damage |
| A neurologist explains that arousal is mediated by the: | reticular activating system. |
| A patient has paralysis of both legs. What type of paralysis does the patient have? | Paraplegia |
| The nurse is explaining clinical manifestations of alterations in the extrapyramidal system. The nurse would correctly include: (Select all that apply.) | little or no paralysis of voluntary movement.normal or slightly increased tendon reflexes.presence of tremor. rigidity in muscle tone. |
| Spinal shock is characterized by: | cessation of spinal cord function below the lesion. |
| A patient presents with acute low back pain. There is no history of trauma. An MRI reveals that the vertebra at L5 has slipped forward relative to those below it. Which of the following conditions will be documented on the chart? | Spondylolisthesis |
| Who is most at risk of spinal cord injury because of preexisting degenerative disorders? | The elderly |
| Upon autopsy of a 25 year old, abnormalities in the media of the arterial wall and degenerative changes were detected. Which of the following would most likely accompany this finding? | Saccular aneurysm |
| Which assessment finding by the nurse characterizes a mild concussion? | Retrograde amnesia |
| What are the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in adults? | Astrocytomas |
| When should the nurse assess for the vomiting and headache that are the classic symptoms of childhood brain tumors? | Morning |
| A nurse is preparing to teach about the most common defects of neural tube closure. Which one should the nurse discuss? | Posterior |
| Which reflex of infancy will disappear first? | Stepping |
| Which term is used to document a hernial protrusion of a sac-like cyst through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra? | Myelomeningocele |
| A newborn child is diagnosed with a vertebral arch defect, spina bifida. This condition would lead the nurse to suspect the child may have which of the following as well? (Select all that apply.) | Myelomeningocele, Meningocele |
Created by:
rballiao