a molecule (H₂O) essential for life, able to absorb, store, and transfer heat and energy.

uneven charge distribution in a molecule (water has a positive and negative side).

attraction between molecules of the same substance (water sticks to water).

attraction between different substances (water sticks to other surfaces).

the “skin” on water’s surface caused by cohesion.

water’s ability to move upward through small spaces due to cohesion and adhesion.

mass per unit volume; colder or saltier water is denser.

amount of dissolved salt in water.

how much energy is needed to change a substance’s temperature.

Specific heat capacity

water’s ability to absorb a lot of heat with little temperature change.

energy absorbed or released during phase change (melting, freezing, evaporation).

measure of average molecular motion.

thermal energy that moves from warmer to cooler objects.

the ability to do work or cause change.

movement of energy from one place or form to another.

to pass energy through a material.

movement of heat by conduction, convection, or radiation.

warm, less dense top layer of the ocean.

cold, dense bottom layer of the ocean.

layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth.

layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth.

continuous movement of ocean water in a direction.

large-scale flow of ocean water driven by wind, density, and Earth’s rotation.

Thermohaline circulation

global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences.

movement of heat energy through the ocean and atmosphere.

large-scale movement of air that helps drive ocean surface currents

deflection of moving objects due to Earth’s rotation.

transfer of heat by movement of fluids (warm rises, cool sinks).

waves form when wind transfers energy to surface water.

something that causes change (ex: water is an agent of erosion).

long-term average weather patterns of a region.

ability to hold or store something (like heat capacity).

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Sofia Colon EES 3.2

Term	Definition
Water	a molecule (H₂O) essential for life, able to absorb, store, and transfer heat and energy.
Polarity	uneven charge distribution in a molecule (water has a positive and negative side).
Cohesion	attraction between molecules of the same substance (water sticks to water).
Adhesion	attraction between different substances (water sticks to other surfaces).
Surface tension	the “skin” on water’s surface caused by cohesion.
Capillary action	water’s ability to move upward through small spaces due to cohesion and adhesion.
Density	mass per unit volume; colder or saltier water is denser.
Salinity	amount of dissolved salt in water.
Specific heat	how much energy is needed to change a substance’s temperature.
Specific heat capacity	water’s ability to absorb a lot of heat with little temperature change.
Latent heat	energy absorbed or released during phase change (melting, freezing, evaporation).
Temperature	measure of average molecular motion.
Heat	thermal energy that moves from warmer to cooler objects.
Energy	the ability to do work or cause change.
Energy transfer	movement of energy from one place or form to another.
Store	to hold energy for later use.
Absorb	to take in energy.
Transmit	to pass energy through a material.
Heat transfer	movement of heat by conduction, convection, or radiation.
Melting	solid → liquid.
Freezing	liquid → solid.
Evaporation	liquid → gas.
Condensation	gas → liquid.
Surface water	warm, less dense top layer of the ocean.
Deep ocean	cold, dense bottom layer of the ocean.
Thermocline	layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth.
Halocline	layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth.
Current	continuous movement of ocean water in a direction.
Ocean current	large-scale flow of ocean water driven by wind, density, and Earth’s rotation.
Thermohaline circulation	global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences.
Energy circulation	movement of heat energy through the ocean and atmosphere.
Wind patterns	large-scale movement of air that helps drive ocean surface currents
Coriolis effect	deflection of moving objects due to Earth’s rotation.
Convection	transfer of heat by movement of fluids (warm rises, cool sinks).
Wave formation	waves form when wind transfers energy to surface water.
Agent	something that causes change (ex: water is an agent of erosion).
Climate	long-term average weather patterns of a region.
Capacity	ability to hold or store something (like heat capacity).

Created by: user-1997002

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