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BIO-digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive system functions | Take in and breakdown foodstuffs |
| Digestion types | mechanical - where food product stays the same, but is broken down into little pieces chemical.- uses different enzymes and acids to change the foodstuffs |
| alimentary canal wall | mucosa - inner layer made of mucus membrane, where absorption occurs submucosa - made of connective tissue, nourishes nearby cells muscularis - made of muscle tissue, moves food through canal serosa - outer layer, secretes serous fluid, reduces frictio |
| movements of alimentary canal | - segmentation - small pockets for food to move through system - peristalsis - wavelike motion for food to propel materials |
| Alimentary canal, pt. 1 - oral cavity | - cheeks, lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual, amalyse - enzyme released in saliva to begin breakdown - both mechanical and chemical breakdown |
| Pharynx | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx epiglottis blaocks food from entering trachea |
| esophagus | lies behind trachea, segmentation, peristalsis - mechanical breakdown |
| stomach | - rugae - inner folds within stomach - made of multiple muscle layers going in different directions - makes gastric juices - hydrochloric acid is main acid - produces/releases enzymes / hormones - forms chyme |
| structure of stomach | - cardia - where esophagus enters stomach - fundus, body, pyloris, sphincters - tops is weak, bottom is strong to allow for vomiting |
| stomach absoprtion | some water, some alcohol, lipid soluble drugs |
| stomach digestion type(s) | stomach goes in different directions to churn and mix chemicals, so this is both mechanical and chemical |
| vomitting | "reverse emptying," controlled by medulla oblongata |
| accessory organs - pancreas | produces hormones, releases enzymes, forms pancreatic juices, helpful in breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids |
| Liver | filters and detoxifies blood, bile, produces bile - bile salts breakdown lipids and are the only part of bile that breaks anything down |
| Gallbladder | - stores excess bile, releases it when needed, carb/fat heavy diet will release it when needed |
| small intestines receive... | - chyme from stomach - pancreatic juices / bile from pancreas, liver, gallbladder, |
| small intestine sections | - duodenum - short, where chyme/pancreatic juice/bile is deposited - jejunum - middle portion - ileum - distal portion, leads to large intestine, where most absorption of solids occurs -- villi - fingerlike projections increase surface area |
| mesentary of small intestine | tissue network that holds small intestine together and anchors it to large intestine |
| Large intestine (colon) | Absorbs water and electrolytes sections: secum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverve, descending) - mechanical digestion |
| Large intestine (end parts) | rectum - straight portion anal canal - pathway out of the body anus - opening for exit |
| feces | 75% water undigested material mucus |
| 3 classifications of nutrients | - macronutrients - you need a lot of them (proteins, lipids, carbs) - micronutrients - you only need small amounts, ex: vitamins / minerals - essential nutrients - we cannot make them ourselves |
| calories | unit of heat, energy you get from food |
| carbohydrates (3 types) | - monosacharides, disacharides, polysacharides - daily diet 125-175g per day |
| lipids (fats) | saturated - have all possible hydrogens, no double/triple bonds unsaturated - have double/triple bonds |
| daily diet, fat | less than 30% of daily calorie count should be fat |
| protein | .8 g per kg of bodyweight is guideline |
| protein make up | amino acids, we need to take in 8 of the 20 because we don't produce them, the source is meat |
| Vitamins | Fat soluble - A, D, E, K, not destroyed in cooking water soluble - B, C are destroyed in cooking |
| minerals | - come from the earth via a plant or animal that ate the plant - 4% of body weight, calcium and phosphorus most prominent |
| trace elements | we only need small amounts, we already have enough for for the most parts -- iron, maganese, cobalt, flourine |
| body mass index | weight divided by height |
| two diets | - vegan pro - weight management, heart health con - nutritional gaps - paleo - mimics ancestral eating pro - weight loss, reduced processed food, inflammation con - potential for vitamin deficiency |
| where does protein digestion occur | oral cavity, small intestines |
| where does carbohydrate digestion occur | stomach |
| where does fat digestion occur | small intestine |
| digestive disorders | celiac disease - autoimmune reaction to gluten acid reflux - stomach acid flows back into esophagus, causing heartburn |
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