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APES unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clearcutting Causes (3) | Soil erosion, increased stream temp, flooding and landslides |
| How clearcutting Causes soil erosion | Loss of stabilizing root structure, removes soil organic matter + nutrients from forest, deposits sediments into local streams (warms water + makes it more turbid) |
| How clear cutting causes increased stream temp | - Loss of tree shade increases soil temp (soil has < albedo than leaves of trees), loss of tree shade warms streams and erosion of sediments warm streams |
| How clear cutting causes flooding & landslides | Logging machinery compacts soil, increased sunlight dires out soil, loss of root structure leads to erosion of topsoil + o horizon = These factors decrease H20 Holding capacity of soil, causing flooding |
| Tree Planations | Areas where the same tree species are repeadtly grown and harvested, lowering biodiversty and all trees are the same age |
| Regulating Ecosystem Services Forests Provide | Filtering of Air pollutants (stomata removes and stores in trees), photosynthesis(removing Co2 and releasing O2), provides habitat |
| Green Revolution Definition | Shift In agriculture away from small, family operated farms to large-industrail scale agribusiness |
| Positive Impacts of Green Rev. | - increases efficiently of lands, short-term profitability, and food supply - decreases world hunger - increases earth's carrying cap. |
| Negative Impacts of Green Rev. | - causes soil eriosion Biodiversty loss Ground + surface water contamination |
| Green Revoultion Additions or Methods | Mechanization, GMOS, synthetic fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides |
| Mechanizations Pros + Cons | - Increased use of tractors for plowing + tiling fields =increased yeilds + profits - (C)increased reliance on fossil fuels (Emits GHGS) - (C)Machinery compacts soil, decreasing H20 Holding cap. + makes topsoil more prone to erosion |
| GMOS Pros + Cons | - Incraesed profitability (fewer plants lost to drought, diseases or pests) - Larger plant size + yield/acre - Gen. diversity is decreased, suscetibility to diseases + pests is increased. (C) |
| Synthetic Fertilzer pros + cons | - Increases yeild + profits with more kjey nutrients added that are needed for plant growth - (C) Excess nitrate + phosphate are washed off fields and into waters + cause euthrophication - (C) Require FFs for production, realsing Co2 (green house gas) |
| Irrigation Pros + Cons | - Makes agriculture possible in parts of the world that are naturally too dry - (C) Can deplete groundwater sources, especially aquifers - (C) overwatering can drown roots (no 02 access) + cause soil salinzation) |
| Pesticides Pros + Cons | - increases yeild + profits due to fewer plants lost to pests (C) can wash off crops in runoff (C) can kill or harm non-target species in local soil or waters |
| Monocropping Def. | Growing one single species of crop (efficient for harvest, pesticide, Fertilzer a[plication) |
| Monocropping environmental impact | - decreases biodiversty (more prone to pests, fewer nat. predators) -increase soil erosion (crops harvested all at once & soil left bare) - decreases habitat diversity for species living in the area |
| Tiling defintion | mixing and breaking up soil to make planting easier (loosens soil for roots) |
| tiling neviornmental impacts | - increases erosion by loosening top soil, breaking up leftover root structure from harvest - loss of organic matter + topsoil Nuterinets over time - increased PM (particulate matter) in air (resp. irr) and sediments in nearby water (turbidity) |
| Slash and burn definition | cutting down vegatation and burning it to clear land for agriculture and return Nuterinets in plants to soil |
| slash and burn enviornemntal effects | - deforestation - loss of habitat, biodiversty, co2 storage, air population filitration - releases co2, co, n20, (GHGS = global warming) - Increases PM in air (asthma) -Lowers albedo, making area warmer |
| Leeching of nutrients + how synthetic fertilizers lead to this _ impact on water | Leaching: water can carry excess nutrients from fertilizers into groundwater or surface water as runoff. this can contaminate groundwater for drinking and cause eutrophication of surface waters. |
| Different types of irrigation | Furrow, drip, flood, spray |
| Efficiency of types of irrigation in order | Furrow, Flood, spray, drip |
| Furrow irrigation | Trench dug along crops & filled with water Easy & inexpensive; water seeps into soil slowly ~66% efficient, 33% lost to runoff & evap. |
| Flood irrigation | Flood entire field; easier but more disruptive to plants Can waterlog the soil & drown plants 80% efficient - 20% runoff/evap. |
| Spray irrigation | Ground or surface water pumped into spray nozzles More efficient (less water loss) than flood or furrow More expensive (requires energy for pumps & movement of sprinklers |
| Drip irrigation and why it is the most water efficent(least evaportaion) | Holes in the hoses allow water to slowly drip out, avoiding waterlog and conserving water Over 95% efficient, but costly |
| Waterlogging Defintion | Overwatering that can saturate the soil, filling all soil pore space with water. Doesn't allow air into pores, roots aren't able to take in 02, can stunt growth or kill crops. |
| + How to prevent it waterlogging | Soultion - Drip irrigation and soil aeration - poking holes or cores in soil to allow air in and water to drain through soil |
| Soil salinization | Process of salt building up in soil overtime. Groundwater that is used for irrigation has small amounts of salt, which can be left behind in soil. Over time, it can reach toxic levels, dehydrating plant roots & preventing growth |
| Soil salinization soultion | Drip irrigation, soil aeration, flushing with freshwater, switching to freshwater source |
| Saltwater intrusion and impacts | Excessive pumping near coast. Impacts = lowers water table pressure, allowing saltwater to seep into groundwater (cone of depression) |
| Cone of depression | forms when water table is lowered by excessive pumping, depleting water & drying nearby wells |
| How can pests become resistant to pesticides that are overused | Genetic biodiversty can give some pests resistant traits to pesticides. pesticides selects for tests with resistance by killing all the non-resistant ones and leaving the resistant ones to stay alive and keep passing down this trait to offspring |
| how has bt corn reduced pesticide use | Corn makes its own insecticide (bt crystals), has a bacteria gene that produces Bt crystals toxic to pests |
| how has roundup ready crops increased herbicide use | genetically modified to be resistant to broad herbicide (Roundup) meaning roundup will kill weeds, but not crops, crops can't be harmed by glyphosate |
| Why is GM crops being genetically identical an issue when it comes to disease? | If a disease affects the Gm crops, they are all vulnerable and there isn't a chance of a genetic mutation providing an adaptive or resistant trait |
| Economic advantage + disadvantage of using GM crops | advantage - more profit since fewer crops are loss to disease, pests disadvantage - more crops are susceptible to getting diseases or pests, harming crops and potentially decreasing crop growth and profit |
| CAFOS Defintion | called feedlots - densely crowded method where animals are fed grain (corn) to raise them to as quickly as possible given antibiotics to prevent disease outbreak & speed meat production |
| pros and cons of CAFOS | pros: maximizes land use and profit minimizes cost of meat for consumers cons: given antibiotics + growth hormones animals produce lots of waste which can contaminate nearby surface or groundwater Produces large amounts of co2, CH4, N20 (GHGS) |
| Definiton of manure lagoons | Large, open storage pits for animal waste |
| How are manure lagoons harmful to the ennvironment | Heavy rain can flood lagoons, contaminate surface + groundwater with runoff Denitrification of ammonium produces N20, extremely powerful GHG Waste contains: ammonia (N) - eutrophication, hormones, antibiotics - alter endocrine, e. coli- toxic to humans |
| Free Range Grazing | Animals (usually cows) graze on grass & grow at a natural rate without growth hormones |
| Pros to Free Range Grazing | No need for antibiotics with dispersed pop. Doesn’t require production of corn to feed animals Waste is dispersed over land naturally, acting as fertilizer instead of building up in lagoons Animals can graze on land too dry for most crop growth |
| Cons to Free Range Grazing | Requires more total land use/pound of meat produced, therefore more expensive to consumer |
| Overgrazing + negative impacts | Too many animals grazing an area of land can remove all the vegetation (grass), leads to topsoil erosion impacts: Animals compact soil, decreasing H2O holding capacity → more erosion Desertification can occur |
| Desertification from overgrazing | if plants are killed by overgrazing & soil is compacted so much that it can’t hold enough water anymore |
| Solution or other method to overgrazing + describe it | Rotational grazing (moving animals periodically) - Can even increase growth of grass by distributing manure (natural fertilizer) & clipping grass back to size where growth is most rapid can actually promote pasture growth at faster than normal rate |
| Environmental Benefits of eating a plant-based diet, rather than a meat-based diet | It is more efficient, requiring a lot less water, energy, and land. |
| Is meat more consumed in more industrialized or developing countries? + Reasons why | Industrialized countries - More resources = more ability to produce the meat More higher= more affordable for individuals to purchase and more income to produce meat |
| Ore | Commercially valuable deposits of concentrated minerals that can be harvested down and used as raw material (Diamond, gold) |
| Metals | elements that conduct electricity, heat, and have structural properties for building (found within ores) |
| Reserve | the known amount of a resource left that can be mined (measured in years left of extraction) |
| Overburden | Soil, vegetation, rocks that are removed to get to an ore deposit below |
| Tailings and slag | leftover waste material separated from the valuable metal or mineral within ore (stored in ponds @ mine site) |
| Acid mine drainage + How it happens | Rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixes with pyrite, forming sulfuric acid. rainwater carries sulfuric acid into streams or infiltrates ground water |
| Negative effects of Acid mine drainage | Lowers pH of water, making toxic metals like mercury + aluminum more soluble in water sources, (killing aquatic organisms) |
| Surface mining | Removal of overburden to access ore near surface. Different types: open pit, mountaintop removal, placer (rivers), strip Leads to topsoil erosion, habitat loss, increased stream in turb., increased PM in air |
| Why subsurface mining is more expensive | Higher insurance & health care costs for workers, more dangerous |
| Subsurface mining risk | poor ventilation leading to toxic gas exposure, mine shaft collapse, injury from falling rock, lung cancer, asbestos, fires, explosions |
| Steps to restore a mine after the mining has finished | 1. Filling of empty mine shafts/hole 2. Restoring original contours of land 3. Restoring topsoil with acids, metals, and tailings removed 4. Replanting native plants to restore community to as close to original state as possible. |
| Permeable Pavement | Designed to allow stormwater to infiltrate and recharge groundwater. Decreases runoff, decreases pollutants carried into storm drains |
| Solutions to Urban Runoff | Permeable pavement Rain Garden Public Transit Building up, not out |
| Building vertically decreases | impervious surfaces (decreasing urban runoff) |
| IPM methods | Biocontrol, Crop rotation, intercropping |
| Biocontrol | Bringing in a natural predator or parasite to control the pests. helps manage pests by limiting the pest population that are destroying crops. Ex. Ladybugs for aphids Spiders for many pest insects parasitic wasps for caterpillars |
| Crop rotation | Rotating crops (planting a different crop each season) can prevent pests from becoming established since it disrupts their preferred food choice *also can disrupt weed growth |
| Intercropping | “Push-pull” system can be used “Push” plants emit volatile chemicals that naturally repel pests away from crop “Pull” plants emit chemicals that attract moths to lay eggs in them, instead of crop |
| Benefits of IPM | Reduces death & mutation of non-target species from pesticide use reduces effects on human consumers of produce ex. carcinogens (cause cancer) Reduces contamination of surface & ground water by agricultural runoff with pesticides |
| Drawback of IPM | Can be more time consuming & costy than just crop dusting pesticides ex. you have to research specific pests and plant numerous species of crops |
| Soil conservation | Agricultural techniques that minimize erosion Prevents loss of: Nutrients in topsoil Soil moisture Decomposers in topsoil Organic matter that traps soil moisture |
| Methods to soil conservation | Contour plowing, windbreaks, terracing, perennnial crops, No till, strip cropping |
| Contour Plowing Defintion + how it minimizes soil erosion | Definition: Plowing parallel to natural slopes of the land instead of down slopes prevents water runoff & soil erosion Forms mini terraces that catch water running off, conserving soil & water |
| Terracing | Definition: Cutting flat “platforms” of soil into a steep slope Flatness of terraces catches water & prevents it from becoming runoff and eroding soil |
| Perennial Crops | Crops that live year round and are harvested numerous times Longer, more established roots & prevention of bare soil between harvest |
| Windbreaks | Using trees or other plants to block the force of the wind from eroding topsoil Can provide habitat for pollinators & other species + can be used for income (fruit) or source of firewood |
| No till | Leaving leftover crop remains in soil instead of tilling under Adds org. matter to soil (nutrients, soil cover, moisture) + prevents erosion because there is no loosened soil |
| Strip cropping / Intercropping | Alternating rows of dense crops (hay, wheat) with rows of less dense crops (corn, soy, cotton) to prevent runoff from eroding soil from less dense rows of crops |
| Ways to improve soil fertility | Crop Rotation (planting same crops depletes nutrients, allows soil to recover from nitrogen demanding crops), Green Manure, Limestone |
| Green manure | leftover plant matter from a cover crop - a crop planted in the offseason, between harvest & replanting of main crop Remains of cover crops left on field breakdown to release nutrients into the soil, roots stabilize soil limiting topsoil erosion |
| Limestone effect on soil | releases calcium carbonate (base) which neutralizes acidic soil acidic soil displaces + charge nutrients from soil (leeching them out) acidic soil also makes toxic metals (aluminum) more soluble in soil calcium is a needed nutrient |
| Aquaculture | Raising fish, or other aquatic species in cages/enclosures underwater |
| Aquaculture Benfits | Requires only small amount of water, space, and fuel Reduces risk of Fishery collapse (90% population decline in a fishery) Doesn’t take up any land space (compared to beef, pork, chicken) |
| Aquaculture Drawbacks | - high density=high waste, causes eutrophication + e.coli - incraesed disease risk which can transmit to wild populations - can introduce GMOS or non-native species to ecosystem if fish escape - fish are fed antobotic, waste can contaminate water |
| Forestry | using trees for lumber (wood) |
| Ways to practice sustainable forestry | Selective cutting or strip cutting, using human & pack animal labor to limit soil compaction from machinery, replanting same species logged, Using recycled wood, or simply reusing without recycling, Reforestation, Selectively removing diseased trees |
| Selective cutting | Only cutting some of the trees in an area (biggest & oldest) to preserve habitat (biodiv.) and topsoil |
| Fire supression | practice of putting out all natural forest fires as soon as they start |
| What is the problem with fire supression? | Lead to more dead biomass (makes future fires worse), more dead trees (susceptible to disease & pest spread), higher tree density |
| How to prevent fire supression | Close monitoring or prescribed burns |
| Why are prescribed burns helpful? | burn a lot of dead biomass and use it up, preventing larger or worse forest fires in the future adds nutrients to soil from the dead biomass (they are recycled leading to new growth) |
| Independent Variable Defintion | The variable in the experiment the scientist chnages (x - axis) |
| Dependent variable | The variable that we observe and measure after the experiment is over (Results), y axis Ex. the plant height after adding different amounts of water |
| Urbanization | Removal of vegatation to convey natural landscapes to a city |
| What does urbanization replace soil, vegetation, and wetlands with | Impervious surface (concrete, asphalt, cement) don't allow water to infiltrate into the ground |
| How does urbanization increase co2 emissions | cement production, construction machinery, deforestation, landfills need for disposing trash from large pop. |
| Does urbanization prevent groundwater recharge and what does it cause | Yes, causes precipitation to runoff into local bodies of water |
| How does urbanization lead to saltwater instrusion | excessive groundwater withdrawal, lowering water table pressure, allows salt water to deep into groundwater sea level rise due to warming of ocean and meeting of ice caps containating fresh groundwater with salt |
| Suburbs | less dense areas surrounding urban ares |
| is public transit used more in suburban or urban populations | urban |
| urban sprawl | pop. movement out of dense, urban centers to less dense suburban areas surrounding the city |
| Causes of urban sprawl | - cars make it easy to get from the suburbs to the city - cheaper property in suburbs - domino effect (neighbors are leaving) fewer residents in cities lead to decline in tax revenue for city residents leave, businesses follow abounded homes |
| solutions to Urban sprawl + describe | urban growth boundaries: zpning laws set by cities preventing growth development beyond a certain boundary public transit & walkable city deisgn mixed land use: residential, business, and entertainment all in the same area of a city |
| environmental causes of urban runoff | decreased infiltration (groundwater recharge) rain washes pollutants into storm drains & local surface water (ex. salt = insect + plant death, sediment = turbidity, oil + gasoline = suffocated fish + kill aq. insects) |
| Environmental Impacts of Mining | Acid mine drainage, methane release, Pm release, topsoil erosion, habitat loss, increased stream turb |
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