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relative dating
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Uniformitarianism | A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes |
| Trace fossil | A fossilized structure, such as a footprint or a coprolite, that formed in sedimentary rock by animal activity on or within soft sediment |
| Fossil | The trace of remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock |
| Climate | The weather conditions in an area over a long period of time |
| Ice core | A long cylinder of ice obtained from drilling through ice caps and sheets; used to study past climates |
| How old is Earth? | 4.6 billion years old |
| Fossils are most often found in _________________ rock. | Sedimentary |
| Some animals, such as mammoths, have been found almost completely preserved by being preserved in _______________. | Permafrost or Ice |
| Petrified wood looks like wood but is actually a ___________. | Rock |
| Minerals such as quartz replace the ____________ in dead trees. | Organic material |
| ________ is fossilized tree resin from old trees. | Amber |
| Fossils such as footprints that formed because of animal activity in soft sediment are called ____________. | Trace fossils |
| Another trace fossil is a ______________. These are long _______________ that show evidence of their movement. | Preserved worm burrow, Cylindrical burrows |
| Fossilized dinosaur bones can be found in sedimentary rock, such as ______________. | Sandstone |
| _______________ is rock that is deposited layer on top of the layer over time. As the layers pile up, they can bury ___________. The sediment is compacted and cemented together, becoming a ________. The shell is now a ________ trapped in sedimentary rock. | Sedimentary rock, Organisms, Rock, Fossil |
| Whole skeletons of animals can be found in _________ pits. | Asphalt |
| Fossils can also be formed by _____________. This happens when the soft animal and plant parts _________ and only the ______ remains. The ______ leaves a grey or black impression in the rock. | Carbonization, Decompose, Carbon |
| Some organisms were preserved more easily because they had _____________ that were either preserved or that made ______________ in the sediment. An example of this is the trilobite. | Hard body parts, Impressions |
| __________________ is the process of drying out a body. Mummified animals can be found in dry regions, like deserts | Mummification |
| Fossils are always the preserved remains of organisms that lived long ago | False |
| What are some ways that scientists study the history of Earth's climate? | Fossils and Ice cores |
| _____________________ is the name of the concept that states that the same geological processes that happened in the past are still happening _________, and at the same _________. | Uniformitarianism, Today, Rate |
| Continental drift is supported by observing the shapes of continental coastlines and ________ and _________ distributions. | Fossil, Rock |
| Fossils are the remains of _______ and ________ that lived a long time ago. | Plants, Animals |
| Earth's climate history can be observed by looking at ________, _______ and ________________. | Ice cores, Fossils, Sedimentary rock |
| Fossils are the _____________ traces or remains of ________ that lived long ago and are most often preserved in ____________ rock. | Preserved, Organisms, Sedimentary |
| Fossilized shells in _________: Formed when minerals replace the hard body parts of dead organisms. | Limestone |
| A _________ is an imprint of some part of an organism left in sediment. When the sediment hardens into rock, __________ fossils form. | Mold, Fossils |
| Fossils can also be ___________, dung, evidence of food storage or eating. These are called ____________. Trace fossils give information about an organism's ________, _________ or diet. | Footprints, Trace fossils, Behavior, Habitat |
| Fossils allow scientists to trace changes of a certain species of plant or animal over time because they are found in __________ rock layers. | Fossilized |
| Relative dating: Determining whether an object is the ________ age as, _________ than, or younger than another object is called relative dating. | Same, Younger |
| Superposition: sediment is deposited in _________ layers on top of _____________ or sediment. | Horizontal, Older |
| Crosscutting: What does the Law of crosscutting state? | A body of rock might cut through another body of rock before another rock could cut through another layer |
| Fossils: Due to the law of superposition, we know that ____________________ are older than fossils in ___________ layers if the layers are _________. This information has been used to construct a geological time scale that is the story of Earth's history. | Fossils in lower layers, Upper, Undisturbed |
| Unconformity is a __________ in the geologic record that happens when rock layers are __________ or are not ________ for a long period of time. | Break, Eroded, Deposited |
| As a river flows over a plain it deposits ___________ | Sediment |
| A change could occur, causing the ______________ to dry up or change course for a long period of time. No more ____________ will be deposited at this time, Unconformities are long as ____________ of years. | Rivers, Materials, Thousands or millions |
| Thousands or millions of years later, a _________ may begin flowing again and ____________ will begin again. | River, Deposition |
| ___________ of years later, after the deposition materials become sedimentary rock, geologists can see the place where there was no deposition for a long time. This is called an unconformity. Unconformities can also form where layers are ________________. | Millions, Sedimentary, Eroded away |
| Geologists have combined data from all the known rock layers in the world to make a ____________. The geological column can help scientists spot unconformities. It can help geologists compare _______ layers from locations. | Geologic column, Rock |
| A geologic column is an idealized sequence of rock layers that don't appear together in any place on Earth. | True |
| ___________________ the process of establishing the age of an object by determining the number of years it has existed | Absolute dating |
| _________: smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element | Atom |
| ____________: atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | Isotope |
| __________: protons and neutrons are equal Also known as the daughter | Stable atom |
| ________________: different number of protons and neutrons Also known as the parent | Unstable atom |
| ________________: unstable atom wants to become stable | Radioactive |
| In order to become stable, atoms go through __________________ | Radioactivity or radioactive decay |
| ______________: process where radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes | Radioactivity |
| _______________: certain length of time after which half of the amount of radioactive element has decayed | Half lives |
| Scientists use half lives of different isotopes to determine the age of various objects. ___________ is the process that is used to figure out the age of objects by measuring the ___________ in a substance and by knowing the ____________ of the substance. | Radioactive dating, Amount of radioactive material, Half life |
| Types of Radiometric Dating | Potassium - Argon Method, Uranium - Lead method, Rubidium - Strontium Method, Carbon - 14 Method |
| You start off with 200 grams of the radioactive element "Jonseium-50". How much of the radioactive, parent material will be left after 3 half lives? | 25 |
| When a rock is formed, it contained the parent isotope, but it did not contain the daughter isotope. How would this rock change over time? | The amount of parent isotope would decrease and the amount of daughter isotope would increase |
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