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PSY 311 Ch. 1
Book notes and slides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific method is considered | basic, standard practice in the world of science |
| Method of acquiring knowledge | are ways in which a person can know things or discover answers to questions 1. the method of tenacity 2. method of intuition 3. method of authority 4. rational method 5. method of empiricism |
| The Method of Tenacity | involves holding on to ideas and beliefs simply because they have been accepted as facts for a long time or because of superstition -referred to as belief perseverance |
| Method of Intuition | info. is accepted as true because "it feels right" -the quickest way to obtain answers |
| Problem with Method of Tenacity | info. acquired might not be accurate, no method for correcting erroneous ideas |
| Problem with Method of Intuition | no mechanism for separating accurate from inaccurate knowledge |
| Method of Authority | a person finds answers by seeking out an authority on the subject, you are relying on the assumed expertise of another person -often called Method of Faith because people accept on faith any info. that is given |
| Problems with Method of Authority | not always provide accurate info., can be biased, the answers obtained from an expert could represent subjective, people accept without question, not all experts are experts |
| Problem with Method of Faith | allows no mechanism to test the accuracy of the info. |
| Ways to increase confidence in the info. you obtain by method of authority | 1. evaluate source of info. 2. you can evaluate the info. itself |
| The Methods of Tenacity, intuition, and authority are | satisfactory for answering some questions, especially if you need an answer quickly and there are no serious consequences for accepting a wrong answer |
| The Rational Method | involves seeking answers by logical reasoning |
| Premise statements | describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true |
| An argument | is a set of premise statements that are logically combined to yield a consumption |
| Problem with rational method | universal assumptions, people aren't particularly good at logical reasoning |
| The Rational Method is a | critical component of the scientific method |
| The Empirical Method | attempts to answer questions by direct observation or personal experience |
| Problems with Empirical Method | tempting to place great confidence in our own observations, your perceptions can be drastically altered by prior knowledge, expectations, feelings, or beliefs; can be misinterpret from what you see |
| Steps of the Scientific Method | 1. observe behavior or other phenomena 2. form a tentative answer or explanation 3. use your hypothesis to generate a testable prediction 4. evaluate the prediction by making systemic, planned observation 5. use the observations to support, refute etc |
| Induction or Inductive Reasoning | involves using a small set of specific observations as the basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of possible observations |
| Hypothesis | statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables -not a final answer but rather a proposal to be tested and evaluated |
| Induction | uses specific examples to generate general conclusions or hypothesis -increase |
| Deduction | uses general statements to generate specific predictions -decrease |
| 3 Important Principles of the Scientific Method | 1. It is empirical 2. it is public 3. it is objective |
| Science has been called | "a dispassionate search for knowledge" |
| Pseudosciences | a system of ideas often presented as science but actually lacking some of the key components that are essential to scientific research |
| Quantitative Research | is based on measuring variables for individual participants to obtain sources (numerical), which are submitted to statistical analyses for summary and interpretation |
| Qualitative Research | is based on making observations that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report -commonly used by social anthropologists |
| Steps of the Research Process; Part 1 | 1. Find a research idea 2. form a hypothesis 3. determine how you will define and measure your variables 4. identify the participants or subjects, planned ethical treatment 5. select a research strategy 6. select a research design |
| Steps of the Research Process; Part 2 | 7. conduct the study 8. evaluate the data 9. report the results 10. refine or reformulate your research idea |
| 2 parts in finding a research idea | 1. selecting a general topic area 2. reviewing the published research reports in that area to identify the relevant variables and find an unanswered question 3 |
| if individuals are human, we call them | participants |
| if non human we call them | subjects |
| the choice of a research strategy is determined by 1 of 2 factors | the type of question being asked and ethics and other constraints |
| 2 reasons to report results | 1. the results become part of the general knowledge base that other people can use to answer questions or generate new research ideas 2. the research procedure can be replicated or refuted by other researchers |
| results that support a hypothesis led to new questions by 1 of the following 2 routes | 1. test the boundaries of the results 2. refine the original research question |
| why do we need science? | 1. we often rely on personal experience, but bad at identifying cause and effect 2. our experiences may be diff. than others 3. our interpretations are often biased 4. psychology has not always used the scientific method, which led to lousy conclusions |
| confirmation biases | look for evidence to support our existing beliefs |
| in-group/out-group biases | we view people similar to us more positively than people dissimilar to us |
| availability heuristic | we overestimate the frequency of noticeable events |
| what is science? | using a specific set of procedures to form scientific explanations (scientific method) |
| in the real world, these stages of the research process aren't always linear because you may | -discover a problem while collecting data -might discover a research question -lack firm hypothesis |
| confirmatory research | studies designed to address specific predictions -used when we have strong hypothesis -collect data that only addresses those predictions -tends to provide stronger evidence |
| exploratory research | studies designed to assess many questions -used when we have a weaker or no predictions -collect data that addresses many topics -tends to provide weaker evidence |
| Scientific explanations are | -deterministic (psychological processes and behavior are caused by various factors) -are empirical (able to test explanations via accurately measured observations and experience) -are falsifiable -are public knowledge (enough to verify and replicate) |
| Pseudoscience | -relies on subjective anecdotes -ignores counter evidence -studies vaguely described, cannot replicate -avoids peer review -often proposes untestable ideas -uses ad hoc hypothesis to prevent falsification |
| Science | -relies on objective data to support an idea -studies are precisely described -peer reviewed -relies on falsifiable hypothesis -avoid ad hoc hypothesis |
| Ad hoc hypothesis | a hypothesis added after a failed test that prevents an idea from being falsified, revises ideas that are not supported |
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