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Cognitive Psych Ex 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| memory | processes that allow us to learn from experience/alter future behavior |
| nondeclarative memory | memory that we're not explicitly aware of; provide info we interpret cognitively |
| priming | previous experience implicitly makes it more likely that you'll reproduce that experiences |
| procedural memory | memory for automatic skills, especially motor skills |
| basal ganglia | crucial involvement in procedural memory |
| declarative memory | memories of which you are explicitly aware |
| iconic memory | brief storage of sensory experiences |
| episodic memory | memories for specific events/experiences; apply to one instance at a time |
| semantic memory | memories for facts not tied to an experience; abstract; not dependent on how it was learned |
| patient H.M. | bilateral hippocampus legions, removed to cure epilepsy, unable to form new episodic memories |
| hippocampus | part of brain along medial side of temporal lobe |
| anterograde amnesia | can't remember episodic info acquired after injury (H.M.'s impairment) |
| retrograde amnesia | can't remember episodic info acquired before injury |
| infantile amnesia | not due to brain injury |
| H.M.'s case | showed dissociations between episodic and working memory |
| working memory | depends on frontal lobe cortex |
| episodic memory | episodes are specific events, rich in context; need specifics to guide you |
| cerebral cortex | outer shell of cerebrum |
| cerebrum lobes | frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital |
| front/back | anterior/posterior, rostral/caudal |
| up/down | superior/inferior, dorsal/ventral |
| magnetic fields | created when neurons fire action potentials in synchrony |
| MEG | measures magnetic fields directly |
| EEG | measures how magnetic fields alter electrical potentials on scalp |
| ERPs | event-related potentials; term for trail-averaged EEG and MEG signals |
| PET | positron emission tomography; measures metabolic processes directly (absolute measure) |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging; many kinds |
| contrasts | subtle changes in relative differences in signals emitted by different kinds of tissue |
| fMRI | functional MRI; measures difference in signal detected from oxygenated and less-oxygenated blood |
| fMRI contrast | BOLD response |
| fMRI colors | don't display blood/neuronal activity; they highlight locations where statistical test was significant |
| MRI advantage | spatial precision |
| TMS | transcranial magnetic stimulation; noninvasive, only for regions adjacent to skull |
| brain-cognition relationships | TMS allows causal inferences to be made |
| correlational | evidence resulting from accidental lesions |
| lesion locations | not controlled by researcher |
| cognitive skills | not the product of activity in a single part of the cerebral cortex; most rely on joint activity of many regions |
| as image info leaves eye | it's already more complex than spots of light and dark |
| contrast | key feature of info |
| retinal ganglion cells | have center-surround receptive fields |
| object detection | different from object recognition |
| object recognition | relies on invariance |
| differences in translation, size, rotation | should not affect our ability to recognize shapes |
| invariance to spatial properties | related to selectivity for shape |
| visual neurons | must be selective to recognize complex patterns |
| invariant | response occurs no matter what |
| more complex patterns | more invariant neurons |
| downstream temporal lobe neurons | more anterior; respond to successively more complex patterns |
| prosopagnosia | "face blindness" or impaired recognition of known faces; corresponds to damaged FFA |
| Fusiform Face Area | bottom of temporal lobe, active in the presence of face stimuli and when people are asked about area of expertise |
| modularity | FFA is face processing module, area's purpose is to recognize faces, module evolved as unit |
| modularity processing | fast and mandatory; info is encapsulated |
| anti-modularity | face area isn't devoted to specific domain, but involved in a specific process (holistic recognition) |
| emergent property | what the involvement in face recognition is within neural processes |
Created by:
hlr2326