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AP Psych Unit 4 Quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together |
| Classical Conditioning | Learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus anticipate events |
| Stimulus | Any situation or event that evokes a response |
| Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (involuntary) |
| Habituation | An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
| Cognitive Learning | A type of learning where one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | A stimulus that naturally and automatically evokes a response. |
| Unconditioned Response | An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | A previously irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after association with the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response | A learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned response. |
| Acquisition | The initial stage of pairing when one links a neutral response and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | Linking a new conditioned Stimulus to a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | The diminishing or elimination of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow the conditioned stimulus any longer. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | After a pause, the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| Generalization | The tendency that once a response has been conditioned, similar stimuli will also elicit similar response. |
| Discrimination | The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that are different, and thus do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Counterconditioning | Using classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer/reward or diminished if followed by a punishment. |
| Law of Effect | Behaviors followed by pleasurable consequences will be repeated; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences will not be repeated. |
| Reinforcement | Any event that increases the frequency of a behavior |
| Shaping | Teaching new or complex actions by rewarding small steps that get closer to the final goal |
| Discriminative Stimulus | A stimulus that elicits a specific response after an association with reinforcement |
| Positive Reinforcement | A stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior when removed after a response |
| Negative Reinforcement | A stimulus that increases the frequency of a behavior when removed after a response |
| Primary Reinforcers | Innately-reinforcing stimuli like food, water, warmth; those that satisfy a biological need |
| Conditioned Reinforcers | Stimuli that gain reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer |
| Punishment | An event that tends decreases the frequency of a behavior that it follows |
| Positive Punishment | The likelihood of a certain behavior increases as a result of the presentation of something pleasant after the behavior. |
| Negative Punishment | The likelihood of a certain behavior increases as the result of removing something unpleasant after the behavior. |
| Positive Punishment | The likelihood of a certain behavior decreases as the result of the presentation of something unpleasant after the behavior. |
| Negative Punishment | The likelihood of a certain behavior decreases as the result of the removal of something pleasant after the behavior. |
| Acquisition | The initial stage of pairing when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
| Reinforcement Schedules | Patterns that define how often a desired response will be reinforced |
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | Rapidly reinforcing the behavior every time it occurs. Best choice for quickly mastering a behavior; however, extinction occurs quickly. |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | Reinforcing a response only part of the time. Learning is slower, but resistance to extinction is greater. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. If something is fixed it is the same every time. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | Reinforces a response only after a specified period of time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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