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E&S science midt 1

TermDefinition
Big Bang Theory The scientific explanation that the universe began from a hot, dense point and has been expanding.
Redshift A shift of light toward longer (red) wavelengths showing an object is moving away.
Cosmic Background Radiation Leftover energy from the Big Bang found throughout the universe.
Element Abundance Evidence of the Big Bang showing large amounts of hydrogen and helium in the universe.
Light Travel Time Light takes time to travel, so distant objects are seen as they were in the past.
Blueshift A shift of light toward shorter (blue) wavelengths showing an object is moving closer.
Solar System Formation The process where a cloud of gas and dust collapsed under gravity to form the sun and planets.
Protostar An early stage of a forming star before nuclear fusion begins.
Nuclear Fusion A process in stars where lighter elements combine to form heavier elements and release energy.
Nucleosynthesis The formation of new atomic nuclei during nuclear fusion in stars.
Energy Transport in Stars Energy moves from the core outward through radiation and convection.
Young Galaxies Galaxies that contain mostly lighter elements like hydrogen and helium.
Older Galaxies Galaxies that contain heavier elements such as carbon and iron.
Average Star Life Cycle Nebula → Protostar → Main Sequence → Red Giant → White Dwarf.
Massive Star Life Cycle Nebula → Protostar → Main Sequence → Red Supergiant → Supernova → Neutron Star or Black Hole.
Mass and Star Life Cycle A star’s mass determines how it forms, lives, and ends.
Luminosity The brightness of a star.
Sunspots Cooler, darker areas on the sun’s surface caused by magnetic activity.
Solar Cycle An approximately 11-year pattern of increasing and decreasing sunspots.
Aurora Borealis Light displays caused by solar particles interacting with Earth’s magnetic field.
Solar Flares Sudden bursts of energy and particles released from the sun.
Solar System Formation The process by which the Sun and planets formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago.
Nebula A large cloud of gas and dust in space where stars and planets can form.
Gravity The force that pulls objects with mass toward each other.
Spinning Disk (Protoplanetary Disk) A rotating disk of gas and dust around a young star that forms planets.
Terrestrial Planets Small, dense, rocky planets that are closer to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars).
Jovian Planets Large, less dense, gas planets farther from the Sun (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune).
Early Universe Elements Mostly hydrogen and helium formed shortly after the Big Bang.
Heavier Elements Elements like carbon and iron that formed later inside stars.
Earth’s Axial Tilt The 23.5° tilt of Earth’s axis that causes the seasons.
Seasons Changes in temperature and daylight caused by Earth’s axial tilt as it orbits the Sun.
Moon Phases The changing appearance of the Moon caused by its position relative to Earth and the Sun.
Waxing When the visible portion of the Moon is increasing.
Waning When the visible portion of the Moon is decreasing.
Revolution (Orbit) The movement of an object around another object.
Rotation The spinning of an object on its axis.
Newton’s Law of Gravitation Gravity is stronger when objects are closer together and have more mass.
Kepler’s First Law Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
Kepler’s Second Law Planets move faster when closer to the Sun and slower when farther away.
Kepler’s Third Law Planets closer to the Sun have shorter orbits.
Perihelion When Earth is closest to the Sun.
Aphelion When Earth is farthest from the Sun.
Tides The rise and fall of ocean levels caused mainly by the Moon’s gravity.
Spring Tide Strong tides that occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned.
Neap Tide Weaker tides that occur when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to Earth.
Created by: ccondenzio
 

 



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