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Biology
Midterm - Full
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemistry | The branch of science that studies matter and the substances of which it is composed |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Compound | A substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together |
| Trace element | An element required by organisms in very small amounts |
| CHONPS | The six elements that make up 98% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element |
| Proton | Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus |
| Neutron | Neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus |
| Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle found in electron shells |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in an atom, unique to each element |
| Atomic mass | The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
| Neutral atom | An atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons |
| Valence electrons | Electrons in the outermost shell that determine chemical reactivity |
| Chemical bond | An attraction that holds atoms together through electron interactions |
| Covalent bond | A bond formed when atoms share electrons |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally |
| Polar covalent bond | A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating partial charges |
| Ionic bond | A bond formed when electrons are transferred between atoms |
| Ion | A charged atom that has gained or lost electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | A weak attraction between partially charged regions of polar molecules |
| Why is water considered a polar molecule | Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen causing unequal electron sharing |
| Physical reaction | A change that does not alter chemical bonds and forms no new substances |
| Chemical reaction | A reaction that breaks and forms chemical bonds creating new substances |
| Law of conservation of mass | Matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction |
| Why must chemical equations be balanced | To show conservation of mass |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| Organic compound | A compound containing carbon and hydrogen bonds |
| Inorganic compound | A compound that does not contain carbon |
| Why is carbon essential to life | Carbon has four valence electrons allowing it to form diverse stable molecules |
| Carbon skeleton | The chain or ring of carbon atoms forming the backbone of organic molecules |
| Isomer | Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures |
| Functional group | A specific group of atoms that gives a molecule its properties and function |
| Monomer | A small molecular subunit that can join to form polymers |
| Polymer | A large molecule made of repeating monomers |
| Dehydration synthesis | The process of building polymers by removing water |
| Hydrolysis | The process of breaking polymers by adding water |
| Carbohydrate function | Provides quick energy, short |
| Carbohydrate elements | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Monosaccharide | A single sugar molecule and monomer of carbohydrates |
| Disaccharide | A carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate polymer made of many monosaccharides |
| Glucose | A monosaccharide used by cells as a primary energy source |
| Glycogen | A polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals |
| Starch | A polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants |
| Cellulose | A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls |
| Lipid function | Long |
| Why lipids are hydrophobic | They contain mostly nonpolar covalent bonds |
| Triglyceride | A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails |
| Steroid | A lipid with a four |
| Cholesterol function | Regulates membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones |
| Protein function | Enzymatic activity, structure, transport, signaling, and immune defense |
| Amino acid | The monomer of proteins containing an amino group, carboxyl group, and R group |
| Polypeptide | A chain of amino acids bonded together |
| Enzyme | A protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy |
| Why protein shape matters | Shape determines function due to specific interactions |
| Nucleic acid function | Stores genetic information and directs protein synthesis |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of nucleic acids consisting of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base |
| DNA | Stores hereditary genetic information |
| RNA | Transfers genetic instructions for protein synthesis |
| ATP | The primary energy molecule used by cells |
| Cell | The smallest unit of life |
| Unicellular organism | An organism made of one cell |
| Multicellular organism | An organism made of many cells |
| Cell theory | All organisms are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic unit of life |
| Light microscope | Uses light to view living cells |
| Electron microscope | Uses electrons to view detailed cell structures |
| SEM | An electron microscope that views external surfaces |
| TEM | An electron microscope that views internal structures |
| Why cells are small | To maintain an efficient surface area to volume ratio |
| Surface area to volume ratio | Determines efficiency of material exchange in cells |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Prokaryotic cell | A cell without a nucleus or membrane |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell with a nucleus and membrane |
| Nucleus function | Stores DNA and controls cell activities |
| Ribosome function | Synthesizes proteins |
| Rough ER | Produces proteins |
| Smooth ER | Produces lipids and detoxifies substances |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins |
| Lysosome | Digests wastes and recycles cellular materials |
| Vacuole | Stores water, nutrients, and waste |
| Mitochondria | Produces ATP through cellular respiration |
| Chloroplast | Performs photosynthesis |
| Cytoskeleton | Provides structure and movement |
| Plasma membrane | A selectively permeable boundary surrounding the cell |
| Fluid mosaic model | Describes the membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Two layers of phospholipids forming the membrane structure |
| Why phospholipids form a bilayer | Hydrophilic heads face water while hydrophobic tails avoid water |
| Membrane protein function | Transport, signaling, enzymatic activity, and identification |
| Passive transport | Movement across the membrane without energy |
| Active transport | Movement across the membrane using ATP |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic solution | Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell |
| Hypotonic solution | Lower solute concentration outside the cell causing swelling |
| Hypertonic solution | Higher solute concentration outside the cell causing shrinking |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport using membrane proteins |
| Endocytosis | Transport of materials into the cell using vesicles |
| Exocytosis | Transport of materials out of the cell using vesicles |
Created by:
katdolan