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Physics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electric charge | Electric charge is a property of matter that causes electrical interactions. |
| Types of charge | Positive and negative charges. |
| Conservation of charge | Charge cannot be created or destroyed. |
| Static electricity | Buildup of electric charge on a surface. |
| Like charges | They repel each other. |
| Opposite charges | They attract each other. |
| Charging by friction | Transfer of electrons by rubbing two materials. |
| Charging by conduction | Transfer of charge through direct contact. |
| Charging by induction | Charging without touching using electric fields. |
| Grounding | Removing excess charge by connecting to Earth. |
| Electron movement | Electrons move in static electricity, not protons. |
| Ion | A charged atom. |
| Quantization of charge | Charge exists in multiples of e. |
| Value of elementary charge | 1.6 × 10^-19 C |
| Unit of charge | Coulomb (C) |
| What particle is negative? | Electron |
| Neutral object with charge nearby | Can be attracted due to polarization |
| Lightning cause | Discharge of built-up static electricity |
| Charge transfer | Occurs through electrons |
| Attraction of neutral objects | Due to induced charge separation |
| Conductor | Material allowing free electron movement |
| Examples of conductors | Copper, aluminum |
| Insulator | Material that blocks electron flow |
| Examples of insulators | Rubber, plastic |
| Why metals conduct | Because of free electrons |
| Why rubber coats wires | To prevent shock |
| Semiconductor | Material that partially conducts electricity |
| Conductivity depends on | Number of free electrons |
| Insulators contain charges? | Yes, but charges cannot move |
| Grounding conductors | Allows immediate charge release |
| Coulomb’s law | Describes force between two charges |
| Coulomb’s law formula | F = k(q1q2)/r² |
| Value of k | 9 × 10⁹ N·m²/C² |
| Doubling distance effect | Force becomes 1/4 |
| Doubling charge effect | Force doubles |
| Coulombic force type | Electrostatic force |
| Force between like charges | Repulsive |
| Force between opposite charges | Attractive |
| Coulomb’s law accuracy | Best for small, stationary charges |
| Point charge | Object that Coulomb’s law applies to |
| Electric field | Region where charge experiences force |
| Electric field formula | E = F/q |
| Point charge electric field | E = kQ/r² |
| Electric field unit | N/C or V/m |
| Electric field lines | Show direction & strength |
| Field lines for positive | Point outward |
| Field lines for negative | Point inward |
| Dense field lines | Indicate strong field |
| Can field lines cross? | No |
| Why field lines can’t cross | A point cannot have two force directions |
| Uniform electric field | Same direction and magnitude everywhere |
| Example of uniform field | Parallel plate capacitor |
| Electric dipole | Two opposite charges separated by distance |
| Field at midpoint of like charges | Zero |
| Electric force equation | F = qE |
| What produces electric fields | Charges |
| Test charge | Small charge used to measure fields |
| Test charge effect | Must not disturb the field |
| Conservative field | Field where work is path-independent |
| Electric flux | Number of field lines through a surface |
| Unit of electric flux | N·m²/C |
| Symbol of electric flux | Φₑ |
| Flux formula | Φ = EAcosθ |
| Flux maximum when | Field is perpendicular to surface |
| Flux zero when | Field is parallel to surface |
| Gauss’s law | Flux through closed surface = Qenclosed / ε₀ |
| What Gauss’s law relates | Electric flux and enclosed charge |
| Value of ε₀ | 8.85 × 10^-12 C²/N·m² |
| Gaussian surface | Imaginary closed surface |
| Flux if no charge inside | Zero |
| Charge outside surface contributes? | No |
| Field lines around point charge | Radial pattern |
| Electric potential energy | Energy due to position in field |
| Increased potential energy | When like charges get closer |
| Decreased potential energy | When opposite charges approach |
| Potential energy formula | U = k(q1q2)/r |
| Work needed in strong fields | More energy required |
| Unit of energy | Joule (J) |
| Potential energy type | Scalar |
| Electric potential | Energy per unit charge |
| Potential formula | V = U/q |
| Unit of electric potential | Volt (V) |
| Relation of field & potential | E = –dV/dr |
| Potential of point charge | V = kQ/r |
| Zero potential reference | Infinity |
| Negative voltage means | Positive charge is attracted |
| Is potential scalar or vector? | Scalar |
| Potential vs distance | Potential decreases with distance |
| Do potentials add? | Yes, they add as scalars |
| Equipotential surface | Surface of constant potential |
| Equipotential & field lines | Always perpendicular |
| Equipotential spacing | Closer = stronger field |
| Can equipotentials cross? | No |
| Closer equipotential lines indicate | Stronger electric field |
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