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A&P 1
(1) Glands and membranes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glands are usually associated with what epithelial tissue | cuboid and some columnar |
| classifications of glands | endocrine (inside) and exocrine (outside) |
| true or false: endocrine glands are without ducts | true |
| endocrine glands secrete... | hormones (a ligand) into blood stream to reach target cells |
| examples of endocrine glands | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testis |
| do exocrine glands have ducts | yes (multicellular) |
| where do exocrine glands release their secretions | into a cavity or on a surface |
| examples of exocrine glands | sebaceous and sweat glands, mammary, most glands associated with digestive tract (pancreas) |
| what are goblet cells considered as | a unicellular exocrine gland |
| what do membranes cover and line | cover: body and internal organs line: closed body cavities and organs |
| types of membranes | serous, mucous, synovial, cutaneous, fascia |
| where are serous membranes | line closed cavities (thoracic and abdominopelvic) and cover organs in those cavities |
| what tissues are in serous membranes | simple squamous ET (mesothelium) supported by areolar CT (subserous fascia) |
| what does areolar CT in serous membranes do | helps attach membrane to structures |
| distinguish the visceral and parietal portion | visceral: wrapping surface of organ, parietal: outer layer, (VP) |
| what are the 3 major serous membranes | pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity) |
| what does simple squamous in serous membrane do | secretes fluid to protect against friction |
| where are mucous membranes | lines tracts that open to outside of the body |
| list 4 tracts that would be lined with a mucous membrane, and their epithelial tissue | digestive and reproductive: simple columnar urinary: transitional respiratory: pseudostratified columnar openings and exits: stratified squamous |
| what connective tissue is in mucous membranes | reticular then areolar |
| what are the 4 layers of a mucous membrane | 1 (closest to lumen): epithelia tissue that produces mucous 2. basement membrane (reticular CT) that anchors epithelial cells 3. areolar CT (lamina propria) that provide support 4. smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa) |
| what form of protection do mucous membranes provide in the respiratory tract | captures debris you breath in |
| what form of protection do mucous membranes provide in the digestive tract | protect against acids + enzymes, aid in nutrients absorption |
| where are synovial membranes | line joint capsules of freely movable synovial joints and form bursa |
| what connective tissue is in synovial membranes | areolar and adipose |
| are there epithelial tissues in synovial membranes | no |
| what do synovial membranes secrete, and what does it do | synovial fluid, lubricates point of contact between bones and provides nutrition to joint cartilage |
| what are the 2 layers of the cutaneous membrane | epidermis and dermis |
| what epithelial tissue is in cutaneous membranes | stratified squamous |
| what connective tissue is in cutaneous membranes | areolar , deeper is dense irregular |
| what are the 5 layers of epidermis from inner to outer | stratum germinativum (basale), stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| what is the deepest layer of epidermis | stratum germinativum (basale) |
| what is the stratum germinativum (basale) | single layer of mitotic keratinocytes and melanin producing melanocytes |
| what are melanocytes | branching cells that send packets of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes |
| what does melanin include | black, brown, yellow, red pigments |
| what is the stratum spinosum | 8-10 layers of keratinocytes containing thick bundles of keratin filaments |
| what are Langerhans cells and where are they | star shaped white blood cells that phagocytize debris and trigger immune response, found in stratum spinosum |
| what is the stratum granulosum | 3-5 layers of cells where keratinization begins (cells die) cells lose their nuclei, and become compact and brittle |
| what is stratum lucidum | 1-5 cells thick, found in palms of hands and soles of feet. stains lightly and no nuclei |
| what is stratum corneum | 20-30 layers of dead cells, protects against microbial invasion, and dehydration |
| where is dermis | on palms and soles (very thick) |
| what are the 2 layers of dermis | papillary and reticular |
| what is the papillary layer of dermis | folds and is responsible for fingerprint patterns |
| what is the papillary layer connective tissue | areolar |
| where is the papillary layer | blood and lymph vessels, sensory receptors, parts of sweat glands, hair roots, some muscle fibers in the face |
| what is the reticular layer of dermis | accounts for 80% of the dermis, forms lines of cleavage (tension lines) |
| what connective tissue in in the reticular layer of dermis | dense irregular connective tissue |
| functions of cutaneous membrane | sensation, protection, thermoregulation, secretion, synthesis of vitamin D |
| what is fascia | a band/sheet of connective tissue that covers/anchors/supports other organs |
| 2 types of fascia | superficial fascia and deep fascia |
| what are the other names for superficial fascia | subcutaneous layer and hypodermis |
| where is superficial fascia | below the dermis |
| what 2 kinds of connective tissue do you find in superficial fascia | areolar: anchors skin to deep fascia underneath, adipose: acts as insulation and shock absorption |
| what is deep fascia | most extensive fascia |
| where is deep fascia | under the superficial fascia |
| what CT is in deep fascia | dense irregular that forms capsules around muscles and groups of muscles |
| what is an organ | 2 or more tissues together in one structure |
| the function of epidermis is | protection |
Created by:
katiew0