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Chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "What does the term Gilded Age mean | A period that looked prosperous on the surface but had underlying problems |
| "What book gave the Gilded Age its name | The Gilded Age A Tale of Today |
| "What does gilded mean | Covered with a thin layer of gold but not pure gold |
| "What major change occurred in American skylines during the Gilded Age | Skyscrapers and smokestacks replaced church steeples |
| "What effect did industrialization have on society | It brought prosperity and major economic growth |
| "What contrast existed beneath America’s growing wealth | Deep social and economic divisions |
| "What happened to American industry after the Civil War | It grew rapidly and became a world leader |
| "What was the population of the United States in 1860 | About 32 million |
| "What was the population of the United States by 1910 | About 92 million |
| "What caused the population to nearly triple between 1860 and 1910 | A baby boom and immigration |
| "How did population growth affect industry | It increased demand and provided more workers |
| "How did westward expansion support industrial growth | It opened farmland and mining regions rich in resources |
| "What was the first major cause of American industrial growth | Population growth |
| "What was the second major cause of American industrial growth | An innovative spirit that produced new machines and methods |
| "What communication technologies improved during this period | Telegraph telephone and radio |
| "What was the third major cause of industrial growth | A sympathetic government |
| "What government policies helped industry grow | High tariffs and liberal immigration laws |
| "What was the fourth major cause of industrial growth | New sources of power such as oil and electricity |
| "What new business structures emerged during this period | Corporations and trusts |
| "What economic system replaced commercial capitalism | Industrial capitalism |
| "What economic system followed industrial capitalism | Finance capitalism |
| "Who dominated America’s industrial expansion | Captains of industry |
| "What nickname did critics give these industrial leaders | Robber barons |
| "What positive effect did industrialists have on consumers | They lowered prices and increased product availability |
| "What negative behavior were some industrialists accused of | Exploiting workers |
| "What positive impact did most industrialists have on workers | They created jobs |
| "What motivated many immigrants to come to America during this period | The hope of achieving the American dream |
| "What did many wealthy industrialists do with their money | They became philanthropists |
| "Who divided industrialists into market and political entrepreneurs | Historian Burton Folsom |
| "What defined a market entrepreneur | Success through efficiency innovation and good business practices |
| "What defined a political entrepreneur | Success through government favors subsidies and high tariffs |
| "How did Cornelius Vanderbilt begin his career | He started a ferry service with borrowed money |
| "What industry did Vanderbilt dominate | Shipping |
| "What nickname did Vanderbilt earn | Commodore |
| "By what year did Vanderbilt control much of the nation’s shipping | 1860 |
| "What business qualities made Vanderbilt successful | Hard work and cost efficiency |
| "Who was James J Hill | A railroad entrepreneur |
| "What job did James J Hill start with | A grocery store clerk |
| "What region did Hill focus his business efforts on | The upper Northwest |
| "What company did Hill found in 1865 | James J Hill Company |
| "What major railroad did Hill build | The Great Northern Railroad |
| "What fuel change did Hill make to improve efficiency | He switched from wood to coal |
| "What principle guided Hill’s railroad construction | Shortest distance lowest grades least curvature |
| "What was Hill’s motto about business success | We prosper with you or we are poor with you |
| "How did Hill help farmers along his rail lines | He taught crop rotation and provided seeds and cattle |
| "What made Hill’s Great Northern Railroad unique | It was built without government money |
| "Who was Edward Collins | A political entrepreneur in steamships |
| "What did Collins request from Congress | Government subsidies for steamships |
| "What problem did Collins have despite subsidies | He failed to make a profit |
| "How did Vanderbilt challenge Collins | He offered to do the job without subsidies |
| "What was the result of Vanderbilt’s unsubsidized steamship business | He made a profit in the first year |
| "What type of entrepreneur was James J Hill | A market entrepreneur |
| "What type of entrepreneur was Edward Collins | A political entrepreneur |
| "Where was Andrew Carnegie born | Scotland |
| "What was Carnegie’s first job in America | A bobbin boy in a textile mill |
| "What personal traits helped Carnegie rise in business | Diligence efficiency and quick learning |
| "What major industry did Carnegie eventually focus on | Steel |
| "What early project helped establish Carnegie’s reputation | Building the St Louis Bridge |
| "What was Andrew Carnegie’s background before entering steel | A poor Scottish immigrant who worked his way up |
| "What early job helped Carnegie rise in business | Telegraph operator |
| "What major railroad position did Carnegie achieve | Superintendent of the Pittsburgh division of the PRR |
| "What major industry did Carnegie eventually dominate | Steel |
| "What famous bridge project helped Carnegie gain recognition | The St Louis Bridge |
| "What construction method did Carnegie use on the St Louis Bridge | Pneumatic caissons |
| "What business strategy did Carnegie use to control steel production | Vertical integration |
| "What does vertical integration mean | Controlling every step from raw materials to finished product |
| "What percentage of Britain’s steel output did Carnegie Steel equal | About half |
| "What percentage of America’s steel did Carnegie Steel produce | About one fourth |
| "How much money did Carnegie receive when J P Morgan bought him out | About 226 million dollars |
| "What philosophy did Carnegie express in the Gospel of Wealth | The rich should use wealth to help the community |
| "What belief influenced Carnegie’s view of wealth | Survival of the fittest |
| "What did Carnegie believe about dying rich | He said the man who dies rich dies disgraced |
| "Who founded Standard Oil | John D Rockefeller |
| "What industry did Rockefeller focus on | Oil refining |
| "What business method did Rockefeller use to eliminate waste | Relentless cost cutting and efficiency |
| "What new products did Rockefeller’s scientists develop | Petroleum jelly paraffin and many others |
| "How much did Rockefeller reduce the cost of refining oil to | Less than one cent per gallon |
| "How much did Rockefeller reduce kerosene prices to | Eight cents per gallon |
| "What percentage of the American oil market did Rockefeller control by 1879 | Ninety percent |
| "What percentage of the world oil market did Rockefeller control | Sixty five percent |
| "What business structure did Rockefeller create in 1879 | A trust |
| "What is a trust | A board that controls multiple companies as one organization |
| "How many companies did the Standard Oil Trust purchase | Twenty seven |
| "What law was passed to break up monopolies like Standard Oil | Sherman Anti Trust Act |
| "What type of integration did Rockefeller practice | Horizontal integration |
| "What does horizontal integration mean | Controlling one entire segment of an industry |
| "What criticism did muckraker Ida Tarbell make of Rockefeller | She portrayed him as ruthless and immoral |
| "What important fact is often overlooked about Rockefeller’s competitors | Many failed due to their own poor decisions |
| "What generous acts did Rockefeller perform | He gave millions to churches education and charities |
| "Which two industries formed the economic base of the New South | Tobacco and textiles |
| "What crop became newly profitable in the postwar South | Bright leaf tobacco |
| "Who transformed the tobacco industry in the New South | James Buchanan Duke |
| "What company did James B Duke found in 1890 | American Tobacco Company |
| "What percentage of the cigarette market did Duke control | Ninety percent |
| "What marketing strategy helped Duke dominate the tobacco industry | Advertising and promotion |
| "What other major industry did Duke help develop in the South | Hydroelectric power |
| "What nickname is sometimes given to Duke for his impact on the South | Captain of the New South |
| "What region of the South escaped major Civil War destruction | Virginia and Carolina piedmont towns |
| "By 1900 how many cotton mills operated in the South | Four hundred |
| "Who was the leading investment banker of the Gilded Age | J P Morgan |
| "What industry did Morgan first reorganize through mergers | Railroads |
| "What major railroads did Morgan reorganize | Northern Pacific Union Pacific B and O Southern |
| "What was Morgan’s biggest business achievement | Forming United States Steel Corporation |
| "What company did Morgan buy to form US Steel | Carnegie Steel |
| "What was significant about US Steel | It was the first billion dollar corporation |
| "What product did Morgan deal in rather than industrial goods | Money and stocks |
| "What did Morgan symbolize in the Gilded Age | Power and prestige of finance capitalism |
| "What business method did Morgan use to increase profits | Buying controlling interest and reorganizing companies |
| "What was the economic goal of the New South | To match the North in industry and manufacturing |
| "What invention allowed beef and produce to reach eastern cities | Refrigerator cars |
| "What new food technology expanded diets in the late 1800s | Mass production of tin cans |
| "What invention helped create a huge clothing market | The sewing machine |
| "What major change occurred in clothing by 1920 | Women’s dresses used only three yards of fabric |
| "What effect did mass produced clothing have on society | It reduced class distinctions |
| "What company allowed people to order stylish clothing by mail | Sears and Roebuck |
| "Who was H J Heinz | An honest food producer from Pittsburgh |
| "What religious belief shaped Heinz’s business ethics | His Christian faith |
| "What did Heinz refuse to do in Sunday newspapers | Advertise his products |
| "What types of foods did Heinz produce | Horseradish ketchup pickles and other canned goods |
| "What dishonest practice did other food companies use | Adding fillers and hiding impurities in tinted bottles |
| "What was Heinz’s policy for product purity | One hundred percent pure food in clear bottles |
| "What benefits did Heinz provide for his workers | Medical care gyms pools gardens and education |
| "What was unique about labor relations at Heinz’s company | It never had a strike during his lifetime |
| "What motto did Heinz often repeat | Do a common thing uncommonly well |
| "What invention revolutionized business communication in 1867 | The typewriter |
| "What invention improved business record keeping in 1888 | A new shorthand system |
| "What technological change created mass media | Cheap paper and roller presses |
| "Who invented the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell |
| "What year was the first telephone message sent | 1876 |
| "What famous first words were spoken over the telephone | Mr Watson come here I want you |
| "Who was America’s most prolific inventor | Thomas Edison |
| "What research facility did Edison create | Menlo Park laboratory |
| "What were Edison’s three most influential inventions | Phonograph motion picture projector light bulb |
| "When did Edison first light up New York’s financial district | September 4 1882 |
| "Which two men improved long distance electrical power | George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla |
| "What major event was powered by electricity from Niagara Falls in 1893 | The Columbian Exposition in Chicago |
| "What were the four causes of American industrial growth | Population growth innovation government support new power sources |
| "In which industry was Andrew Carnegie a leader | Steel |
| "In which industry was John D Rockefeller a leader | Oil refining |
| "In which industry was J P Morgan a leader | Finance and railroads |
| "In which industry was James J Hill a leader | Railroads |
| "In which industry was Cornelius Vanderbilt a leader | Shipping |
| "What was unique about the success of James J Hill | He built his railroad without government money |
| "What was the most important invention in communications in the late nineteenth century | The telephone |
| "Who invented the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell |
| "Name one of Thomas Edison’s most influential inventions | Phonograph |
| "Name another of Thomas Edison’s most influential inventions | Incandescent light bulb |
| "How do the core values of freedom individualism equality and growth explain the rise of market entrepreneurs | They encouraged innovation opportunity and personal success |
| "What core values sometimes came into conflict during this period | Equality and individualism |
| "How can conflicts between core values be managed | By balancing opportunity with fairness |
| "What was the spoils system | Giving government jobs to political supporters |
| "What problem did the spoils system cause | Corruption and incompetence |
| "Who were the Stalwarts | Republicans who supported the spoils system |
| "Who led the Stalwarts | Roscoe Conkling |
| "Who were the Half Breeds | Republicans who claimed to support reform |
| "Who led the Half Breeds | James G Blaine |
| "What event increased support for civil service reform | The assassination of President Garfield |
| "What law created merit based government jobs | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| "What did the Pendleton Act require | Exams for government positions |
| "What caused many major strikes in the late 1800s | Low wages long hours and unsafe conditions |
| "What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 caused by | Wage cuts |
| "What happened at the Haymarket Riot | A bomb exploded during a labor rally |
| "What was the Homestead Strike | A violent steel mill strike against Carnegie Steel |
| "What was the Pullman Strike | A railroad strike that shut down rail traffic |
| "What was a major reason families used child labor | They needed extra income to survive |
| "What were working conditions like for child laborers | Long hours and dangerous environments |
| "What did Goldbugs support | Money backed only by gold |
| "Who supported the Goldbug position | Bankers and businessmen |
| "What did Silverbugs support | Free coinage of silver |
| "Who supported the Silverbug position | Farmers and miners |
| "What economic problem did farmers face in the late 1800s | Falling crop prices and high railroad rates |
| "What was the Grange | A farmers organization for cooperation and reform |
| "What political party grew out of farmers alliances | The Populist Party |
| "What did the Populists want | Free silver and government control of railroads |
| "What was the main issue in the election of 1888 | Tariffs |
| "Who won the election of 1884 | Grover Cleveland |
| "Who won the election of 1888 | Benjamin Harrison |
| "What two industries formed the base of the New South | Tobacco and textiles |
| "What marketing strategy did James B Duke use | New advertising techniques |
| "What company did James B Duke found | American Tobacco Company |
| "What share of the cigarette market did Duke control | Ninety percent |
| "Who was the leading investment banker of the Gilded Age | J P Morgan |
| "What was J P Morgan’s business focus | Buying and selling stocks |
| "What corporation did Morgan form in 1901 | United States Steel Corporation |
| "What religion did H J Heinz follow | Methodist |
| "What advertising methods did Heinz pioneer | Billboards and newspaper ads |
| "What foods did Heinz produce | Bottled and canned foods |
| "What invention allowed fresh meat and fruit to reach cities | Refrigerator cars |
| "What technology allowed food to be preserved longer | Mass produced tin cans |
| "What industry created a huge retail market | Mass produced clothing |
| "What invention met new business communication needs | The typewriter |
| "What major communication invention appeared in 1876 | The telephone |
| "Who invented the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell |
| "Who was America’s most prolific inventor | Thomas Edison |
| "What were Edison’s three major inventions | Phonograph projector light bulb |
| "Who improved long distance electrical power | Westinghouse and Tesla |
| "What four issues dominated politics in the late 1800s | Corruption civil service reform tariffs trusts |
| "What system did President Hayes try to reform | The spoils system |
| "Who controlled the New York political machine Hayes attacked | Roscoe Conkling |
| "Who did Hayes remove from office | Chester Arthur |
| "What were Conkling’s supporters called | Stalwarts |
| "What were Blaine’s supporters called | Half Breeds |
| "Who shot President Garfield | Charles Guiteau |
| "Who became president after Garfield died | Chester Arthur |
| "What law reformed civil service hiring | Pendleton Act |
| "What did the Pendleton Act create | Civil Service Commission |
| "What was the Mongrel Tariff | A mixed tariff law passed in 1883 |
| "Who did Republicans nominate in 1884 | James Blaine |
| "Who did Democrats nominate in 1884 | Grover Cleveland |
| "What were Republicans who supported Cleveland called | Mugwumps |
| "What law regulated railroad rates | Interstate Commerce Act |
| "What commission did the Interstate Commerce Act create | Interstate Commerce Commission |
| "Who won the election of 1888 | Benjamin Harrison |
| "What was the Fifty First Congress nicknamed | Billion Dollar Congress |
| "What law made monopolies illegal | Sherman Anti Trust Act |
| "What tariff raised duties to record levels in 1890 | McKinley Tariff |
| "What economic crisis began in 1893 | Panic of 93 |
| "What percentage of children worked for wages in 1900 | Twenty percent |
| "What early labor union was led by Terence Powderly | Knights of Labor |
| "What did the Knights of Labor support | Eight hour day and end of child labor |
| "What labor union was led by Samuel Gompers | American Federation of Labor |
| "What did the AFL support | Higher wages shorter hours safer conditions |
| "What was the Haymarket Riot | A violent labor protest in 1886 |
| "What was the Homestead Strike | A steel strike at Carnegie Steel |
| "Who led the Pullman Strike | Eugene Debs |
| "What did the government protect during the Pullman Strike | Railroad cars carrying mail |
| "What political belief did Debs adopt | Socialism |
| "What problems did farmers face in the late 1800s | Surplus railroads tariffs |
| "What organization led early farmer protests | The Grange |
| "What court case allowed states to regulate railroads | Munn v Illinois |
| "What movement grew from the Farmers Alliance | Populism |
| "What currency policy did Populists support | Free silver |
| "What did Goldbugs support | Gold standard |
| "What did Silverbugs support | Silver coinage |
| "Who was the Republican candidate in 1896 | William McKinley |
| "Who was the Democratic candidate in 1896 | William Jennings Bryan |
| "What was Bryan’s nickname | The Great Commoner |
| "What campaign style did McKinley use | Front porch campaign |
| "What major trend did the 1890 census reveal | Most Americans worked nonagricultural jobs |
| "What problems came with urbanization | Slums crime disease |
| "What was the New Immigration | Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe |
| "What group settled heavily on the West Coast | Chinese immigrants |
| "What were common arguments against immigration | Job loss lower wages radical ideas |
| "What book introduced natural selection | On the Origin of Species |
| "Who promoted Social Darwinism | Herbert Spencer |
| "What phrase is Spencer known for | Survival of the fittest |
| "What did Reform Darwinists believe | Progress through cooperation |
| "Who was the most popular writer of the era | Mark Twain |
| "What literary style did Mark Twain use | Realism |
| "What did Realism portray | Ordinary life |
| "What literary movement followed Realism | Naturalism |
| "What did Naturalism emphasize | Man’s struggle and helplessness |
| "What forms of entertainment grew during this era | Sports vaudeville circuses |
| "Who was the most prolific hymn writer in history | Fanny Crosby |
| "What caused Fanny Crosby’s blindness | An incompetent doctor when she was six months old |
| "How did Fanny Crosby respond to her blindness | She refused bitterness and wrote poetry |
| "Who encouraged Fanny Crosby to write hymn lyrics | William Bradbury |
| "What revival campaigns popularized her songs | Moody Sankey campaigns |
| "Where were Fanny Crosby’s hymns widely sung | America and Great Britain |
| "Why did publishers ask Crosby to use pseudonyms | So people would not think all songs were by her |
| "How many pseudonyms did Fanny Crosby use | At least ninety four |
| "What inspired many of Crosby’s hymns | Passing thoughts or overheard comments |
| "What inspired the hymn Pass Me Not O Gentle Saviour | Hearing someone pray Savior do not pass me by |
| "How long did Fanny Crosby live | From eighteen twenty to nineteen fifteen |
| "Why did Fanny Crosby write hymns | Out of love and devotion to Christ |
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