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Respiratory System

QuestionAnswer
nasal cavity internal cavities uppermost part of respiratory tract (RT) containing olfactory receptors consists of external nose and internal nasal cavities irregular, wedge-shaped cavities divided into 3 regions - olfactory region, nasal vestibule and respiratory region
paransal sinuses paired air-filled cavities within the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid bones, develop as outgrowths from nasal cavities
epistaxis nose bleeds anterior bleeds (little's area) vs posterior bleeds
pharynx divisions half cylinder formed by muscle and connective tissue positioned posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx freely communicating cavity
larynx hollow with a cartilage framework, responsible for sound production positioned within anterior neck continuous with trachea inferiorly consists of a framework of cartilages
trachea extends inferiorly from larynx divides into two primary bronchi c-shaped tracheal rings
tracheobronchial tree primary bronchi, secondary bronchi (lobar), tertiary bronchi (segmental), conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
the lung highly elastic and within thoracic cavity 2 lungs separated by a space called the mediastinum (contains heart, great vessels, oesophagus and nerves) extends from root of neck to diaphragm divided into lobes, subdivided by fissures LL - 2 lobesRL -3
pleura double layered serous membrane surrounding lungs two layers - parietal and visceral visceral pleura adheres to lung surface parietal pleura associated with the thoracic walls
pulmonary ventilation flow of air between atmosphere and alveolar sacs of lung driven by pressure differences caused by contraction of respiratory muscles
quiet inhalation diaphragm contracts so it flattens and lowers its dome vertical diameter of thoracic cavity is increased intercostal muscles contract causing ribs to elevate pressure in the alveoli decreases so air passes into the lung
quiet exhalation diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and lung (no muscular activity) pulmonary surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension which prevents alveolar collapse
forced I and E uses... accessory muscles
gas exchange involves external respiration diffusion of o from alveoli into pulmonary capillary diffuse of co2 from pulmonary capillary into alveolus for exhalation exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries
internal respiration exchange of respiratory gases between blood capillaries and the tissue
brain centres controlling breathing dorsal respiratory centre in brainstem ventral RC in BS pontine respiratory group in BS
ventral respiratory centre controls VERY forceful I or E/sets rhythm for breathing
dorsal respiratory centre controls quiet inhalation
chemoreceptors... where are the central ones? where are the peripheral ones? monitor amounts of dissolved respiratory gases near the brainstem in the CNS (monitor cerebrospinal fluid) in the aorta and the carotid arteries (monitor the blood)
Created by: user-2004250
 



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