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Maddie Boucher 3.2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| water | a polar, inorganic molecule made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom |
| polarity | the separation of electric charge in a molecule or system, creating distinct positive and negative ends (poles) due to uneven electron distribution |
| surface tension | a liquid's property to resist external force, acting like a stretched elastic film due to cohesive attraction between surface molecules pulling inward, minimizing surface area and allowing light objects to float or droplets to form spheres |
| capillary action | the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces against gravity, driven by adhesion (liquid sticking to the surface) and cohesion (liquid sticking to itself) forces, along with surface tension, causing liquids to rise in small tubes or porous materials |
| cohesion | the attraction between molecules of the same substance, causing them to stick together, like water molecules forming droplets or creating surface tension |
| adhesion | the tendency of different substances or molecules to stick together due to attractive forces |
| capacity | the maximum amount a container can hold (like liters for liquids) or the ability of a system to store, process, or produce something |
| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the atoms and molecules in a substance |
| agent | a substance, organism, force, or entity that produces a specific effect, action, or change, acting as a cause in a system |
| climate | the long-term average of weather patterns in a region, typically calculated over 30 years or more |
| heat | the transfer of thermal energy between systems or objects due to a temperature difference, flowing from hotter to colder regions |
| convection | the transfer of heat in liquids or gases (fluids) through the movement of the fluid itself |
| energy transfer | the movement of energy from one object, system, or place to another, or its change from one form to another |
| store | to accumulate or keep something, such as energy, information, or materials, for future use or safekeeping |
| absorb | a substance takes in another substance (like a sponge soaking up water), energy (like chlorophyll absorbing light), or force (like a helmet absorbing impact), often converting it or incorporating it into itself, rather than reflecting or transmitting it |
| transmit | to pass or convey something (like waves, energy, signals, or genetic traits) from one point, object, or organism to another, either through a medium (like light through glass) or across space (like radio waves) |
| energy | the fundamental capacity to do work or cause change, measured in joules, existing in forms like kinetic (motion) or potential (stored), and it can be converted but never created or destroyed (conservation of energy) |
| deep ocean | the part of the ocean below 660 feet where sunlight can't penetrate, characterized by darkness, near-freezing temperatures, and immense pressure, yet supporting unique life forms adapted to these extreme conditions through processes chemosynthesis |
| surface water | any body of water found on the Earth's surface, like rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, wetlands, and reservoirs, forming a visible part of the hydrologic cycle |
| Coriolis effect | the apparent deflection of moving objects (like wind or water) on a rotating planet, causing them to curve instead of moving straight, due to the Earth's spin |
| specific heat | the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram (or unit mass) of a substance by 1 degree Celsius (or Kelvin) |
| density | the measure of how much mass is packed into a specific volume |
| salinity | the measure of all dissolved salts in water |
| current | the flow of electric charge, typically electrons, through a conductor, measured in Amperes (Amps), representing the amount of charge passing a point per second |
| thermohaline circulation | the ocean's "conveyor belt," a slow-moving system of deep and surface currents driven by density variations from temperature and salinity changes, moving heat and nutrients around the world by sinking cold, salty water at the poles and rising warmer water |
| ocean current | Large-scale flow of ocean water driven by wind, density, and Earth’s rotation. |
| wind patterns | Large-scale movement of air in the atmosphere |
| specific heat capacity | Heat required to raise the temperature of a substance. |
| latent heat | Energy absorbed or released during a phase change. |
| evaporation | Liquid water changing into water vapor. |
| condensation | Water vapor changes into liquid water. |
| surface tension | Resistance of water’s surface due to cohesion. |
| energy circulations | Movement of energy through Earth systems. |
| thermocline | Ocean layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth. |
| halocline | Ocean layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth. |
| melting | Solid changing into liquid. |
| freezing | Liquid changing into solid. |
| wave formation | Creation of waves by wind transferring energy to water. |
| heat transfer | Movement of heat through conduction, convection, or radiation. |
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