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Bio final Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Life | Living things are made of cells, use energy, grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis. |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells working together. |
| Ionic Bond | Attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing of electrons between atoms. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak attraction between polar molecules. |
| Polarity | Uneven distribution of charge in a molecule. |
| Cohesion | Water sticking to water. |
| Adhesion | Water sticking to other surfaces. |
| High Specific Heat | Water resists temperature change. |
| Ice Floats | Solid water less dense than liquid. |
| Acid | Releases H⁺ ions (pH < 7). |
| Base | Accepts H⁺ ions (pH > 7). |
| Carbon | Forms four covalent bonds, allowing chains, rings, and complex molecules. |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and starches used for energy and structure. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar (glucose). |
| Purpose (Carbs) | Quick energy and structural support in plants. |
| Lipids | Nonpolar molecules for long-term energy and membranes |
| Monomer (Lipids) | Fatty acids and glycerol. |
| Purpose (Lipids) | Energy storage, insulation, cell membranes. |
| Monomer (Proteins) | Amino acids. |
| Purpose (Proteins) | Catalysis, structure, transport, signaling. |
| Cell Theory | All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells come from preexisting cells. |
| Light Microscope | Uses light to view living cells. |
| Electron Microscope | Uses electrons for high-resolution images of cell structures. |
| Smooth ER | Makes lipids; detoxification. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies and ships proteins. |
| Lysosome | Digests waste and old organelles. |
| Endomembrane System | Network of membranes (ER, Golgi, vesicles, nuclear envelope). |
| Cytoskeleton | Protein fibers that give shape and help movement. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Membrane is a flexible phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Two layers of phospholipids; hydrophilic heads out, hydrophobic tails in. |
| Membrane Proteins | Transport substances, receive signals, act as enzymes, provide structure. |
| Passive Transport | Movement down concentration gradient; no ATP. |
| Diffusion | Movement of small nonpolar molecules from high to low concentration. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Uses transport proteins; no ATP. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water. |
| Active Transport | Movement against gradient; requires ATP. |
| Hypertonic Solution | Higher solute outside; cell shrinks. |
| Isotonic Solution | Equal solute; no net water movement. |
| Hypotonic Solution | Lower solute outside; cell swells. |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles release material out of cell. |
| Endocytosis | Cell takes in material via vesicles. |
| Tight Junctions | Seal cells together. |
| Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes) | Attach cells for strength. |
| Gap Junctions | Channels between animal cells. |
| Plasmodesmata | Channels between plant cells. |
| Autocrine Signaling | Cell signals itself. |
| Juxtacrine Signaling | Direct contact between cells. |
| Paracrine Signaling | Local cell signaling. |
| Endocrine Signaling | Hormones travel through bloodstream. |
| Activation Energy | Energy needed to start a reaction. |
| Endergonic Reaction | Requires energy input. |
| Exergonic Reaction | Releases energy. |
| Induced Fit Model | Enzyme changes shape to fit substrate. |
| Substrate | Reactant an enzyme acts on. |
| Denaturation | Loss of enzyme shape due to heat or pH. |
| Oxidation | Loss of electrons. |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons. |
| Photosynthesis (Redox) | Water is oxidized, CO₂ is reduced. |
| Cellular Respiration (Redox) | Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced. |
| Chemiosmosis | ATP production using proton gradient. |
| ATP Synthase | Enzyme that makes ATP using H⁺ flow. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | Response increases the original stimulus. |
| Negative Feedback Loop | Response reduces the original stimulus. |
| Mitochondrion | Organelle where aerobic respiration and most ATP production occur. |
| Aerobic Respiration | Uses oxygen to make large amounts of ATP. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Occurs without oxygen; makes less ATP. |
| Glycolysis | Breaks glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm; produces 2 ATP and NADH. |
| Pyruvate Oxidation | Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA in mitochondria. |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | Produces NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂ in the mitochondrial matrix. |
| Electron Transport System | Creates proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis. |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Regenerates NAD⁺ in animals when oxygen is low. |
| Thylakoid | Membrane sacs where light reactions occur. |
| Stroma | Fluid where Calvin cycle occurs. |
| Carotenoids | Accessory pigments (yellow/orange). |
| Inputs (Light Reactions) | Light, H₂O, ADP, NADP⁺. |
| Outputs (Light Reactions) | O₂, ATP, NADPH. |
| Calvin Cycle | Uses ATP and NADPH to fix CO₂ into sugar. |
| Inputs (Calvin Cycle) | CO₂, ATP, NADPH. |
| Outputs (Calvin Cycle | G3P (sugar), ADP, NADP⁺. |
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