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Stack #4606133
| term | definition |
|---|---|
| Cornell Notes | Left Margin (Cue/Question Column) Right Main Area (Notes Column) Bottom section (Summary Column) |
| Scientific Method | A structured approach to exploring scientific questions |
| Hypothesis | Testable prediction or explanation |
| Scientific Theory | Comprehensive explanation supported by extensive evidence |
| Scientific Law | Describes a consistent natural phenomenon |
| Independent Variable | Factor you deliberately change |
| Dependent Variable | Factor that responds to changes |
| Control Variable | Proves the experiment valid “normal” conditions |
| Constant | Unchanged conditions in an experiment |
| Qualitative Data: | Descriptive observations |
| Quantitative Data: | Numerical measurements |
| Accuracy: | How close a measurement is to the true value |
| Precision | Consistency of repeated measurements |
| Observation: (Direct) | Direct information gathered using senses |
| Inference: (Indirect) | Logical conclusion based on observations |
| Experimental Error: | Unintentional mistakes in measurement |
| Bias | Prejudice that influences scientific investigation |
| Length | Distance between two points |
| Mass | Amount of matter in an object |
| Volume: | Amount of space an object occupies |
| SI (International System of Units) | Length: Meter (m) Mass: Gram (g) Volume: Milliliter or Cubic Centimeter (mL or cm3) Time: Second (s) |
| Scientific Notation | Represents very large or small numbers |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space (Volume) |
| Triple Beam Balance | Precise instrument for measuring mass |
| Archimedes' Principle: Water Displacement | Describes buoyancy of objects in fluid |
| Archimedes Principle | Object displaces its own volume of fluid |
| Density | Mass per unit volume |
| Viscosity | Fluid's resistance to flow |
| Malleability | Ability to be hammered into sheets |
| Ductility | Ability to be drawn into wire |
| Thermal Conductivity | Heat transfer ability |
| Electrical Conductivity | Electricity transfer ability |
| Solubility | Ability to dissolve |
| Reactivity | Tendency to chemically change |
| Flammability: | Ability to burn |
| Physical Change | No new substance formed |
| Chemical Change | New substance created |
| Bose-Einstein Condensate | Ultra-cold state where particles act as one |
| Solid | Particles tightly packed, definite shape and volume |
| Liquid | Particles close together, definite volume but takes container shape |
| Gas | Particles spread out, no definite shape or volume |
| Plasma | Super-heated gas with charged particles |
| Endothermic Reaction | Absorbs heat energy from surroundings |
| Exothermic Reaction | Releases heat energy to surroundings Surrounding Temperature increases (gets hot) |
| Phase Changes | Transitions between different states of matter |
| Melting | Solid changes to liquid when heat is added |
| Freezing | Liquid changes to solid when heat is removed |
| Vaporization | Liquid changes to gas |
| Boiling | Rapid vaporization throughout the liquid |
| Evaporation: | Slow vaporization at liquid surface |
| Condensation: | Gas changes back to liquid when cooled |
| Sublimation: | Solid changes directly to gas without melting |
| Deposition | Gas changes directly to solid without condensing |
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element that keeps its properties |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together |
| Element: | Pure substance made of only one type of atom |
| Compound | Pure substance made of two or more different elements |
| Mixture | Two or more substances physically combined |
| Homogeneous | Uniform composition throughout |
| Heterogeneous: | Non-uniform composition with visible different parts |
| Suspension: | Large particles temporarily mixed but settle out over time |
| Tyndall Effect: | Light beam becomes visible when passing through a mixture Colloids show strong Tyndall effect Suspensions show Tyndall effect but particles settle out |
| Solution: | Homogeneous mixture where one substance dissolves in another |
| Solvent: | Substance that does the dissolving (usually present in larger amount) |
| Solute: | Substance being dissolved (usually present in smaller amount) |
| Tyndall Effect: | : Light beam becomes visible when passing through a mixture Occurs when particles scatter light show strong Tyndall effect Light scattering is clearly visible Suspensions show Tyndall effect but particles settle out |
| Solution: | Homogeneous mixture where one substance dissolves in another |
| Temperature | : Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance |
| Absolute Zero: | Theoretical temperature where all molecular motion stops |
| Heat: | Transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures |
| Specific Heat Capacity: | Amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of substance by 1°C |
| Conduction: | Direct contact between particles |
| Convection: | Movement of fluids (liquids and gases) |
| Radiation: | Electromagnetic waves through space |
| Conductor: | Material that transfers heat easily, “quicikly” |
| Insulator: | Material that resists heat transfer, slows it down |
| Proton | : Positively charged particle found in the nucleus The number of protons determines what element an atom is |
| Neutron: | Neutral particle (no charge) found in the nucleus |
| Electron: | Negatively charged particle that orbits around the nucleus |
| Nucleus: | The dense, central core of an atom |
| electron Cloud: | Where electrons orbit around the nucleus at a distance |
| Energy Level: | A region around the nucleus where electrons with similar energy are found |
| Atomic Number: | The number of protons in an atom |
| Mass Number: | The total number of protons plus neutrons |
| Isotope: | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
| Ion: | An atom that has gained or lost electrons, giving it an electric charge |
| Periodic Table: | An organized chart/table of all known elements Elements are arranged by atomic number from left to right and top to bottom Each element has its own box with the symbol, atomic number, and mass number The table shows patterns in how elements behave |
| Group (Family): | A vertical column on the periodic table |
| Period: | A horizontal row on the periodic table |
| Valence Electron: | An electron in the outermost energy level of an atom |
| Octet Rule: | A chemical principle stating that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable outer electron shell containing eight valence electrons {They “want” 0 or 8} |
| Metal: | An element that is shiny, conducts heat and electricity well, and is malleable |
| Nonmetal: | An element that does not conduct heat or electricity well and is brittle |
| Metalloid: | An element with properties between metals and nonmetals |
| Alkali Metal: | A highly reactive metal in Group 1 (except hydrogen) |
| Alkaline-Earth Metal: | A reactive metal in Group 2 |
| Transition Metal: | A metal in the middle section of the periodic table (Groups 3-12) |
| Halogen: | A highly reactive nonmetal in Group 17 |
| Noble Gas (Inert Gas): | A very unreactive nonmetal in Group 18 |
| Reactants | are the substances you start with (on the left side of the arrow) |
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