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BIOL111 Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seven Characteristics of Life | Living things: 1. Are composed of cells 2. Use or acquire energy 3. Maintain homeostasis 4. Grow and develop 5. Reproduce (sexually or asexually) 6. Respond to stimuli 7. Evolve over time |
| Exam may ask you to argue whether something is alive or was ever alive For example: | |
| Cells Share 4 Structural Features: (1) cell (plasma) membrane | a semipermeable membrane that encloses the cell and acts as a barrier between the cell’s internal and external environment. |
| Cells Share 4 Structural Features: (2) cytoplasm | analogy – bubble tea. The liquid component of a cell (cytosol) plus the floaty bits (e.g. organelles). |
| Cells Share 4 Structural Features: (3) Ribosome | tiny structures that carry out protein synthesis, a vital component of cell division and repair. |
| Cells Share 4 Structural Features: (4) DNA | a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of a cell |
| Prokaryotic Cells | 1. No nucleus 2. Circular DNA 3. Single chromosome 4. No membrane- bound organelles 5. Reproduce via binary fission (pinching in half) |
| Eukaryotic Cells | 1. Nucleus that contains… 2. Linear DNA 3. Linear chromosomes (and more than 1) 4. Membrane-bound organelles, e.g. mitochondria 5. Reproduce via mitosis and/or meiosis |
| Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells share: | 6+ characteristics of life and 4 defining features of a cell |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | Core Idea: Eukaryotic cells evolved when one prokaryote engulfed another |
| Organelles | tiny parts inside a cell that do specific jobs. subcellular structures that perform a specific function or functions. |
| Nucleus | Store genetic information (organelles) |
| Mitochondria | production of ATP (the cell’s energy currency) (organelles) |
| Chloroplasts | found in plants and algae – site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into sugars (organelles) |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid. the molecule that carries the genetic instructions (recipes) to build the proteins that an organism needs to function, survive, grow and reproduce. Double stranded. |
| Building blocks of DNA | 1. A sugar group (deoxyribose); 2. A phosphate group; and 3. One of 4 types of nitrogenous bases: - Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - Cytosine (C) - Guanine (G) |
| Alleles | Are different versions of the same, Alleles are responsible for variation in inherited traits, e.g. fur colour |
| Mutations | A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases (nucleotides) in the DNA. |
| Phenotype | your observable traits — what you can actually see/measure about an organism (examples: eye color, height, hair type, blood type, leaf shape, etc.) focus on mophological (fur colour, height, weight) |
| Genome | the complete set of DNA found in an organism. almost every cell contain a complete copy |
| Chromosomes | One chromosome = one molecule of DNA DNA condenses to chromosomes when the cell is about to divide: this is to protect DNA and prevent tangling of the DNA molecules |
| Structure of Chromosomes | Centromere Arm Replicated/unreplicated chromosome Sister chromatids/non-sister chromatids Locus (not a sturcture - genetic street address) |
| Centromere | Divide chromosome into two arms relevance of centromere should become clear during meiosis and mitosis |
| Arm | |
| Replicated/unreplicated chromosome | Determine if it's replicated or not, given a figure Unreplicated: one DNA molecule Replicated: two DNA molecules (see slides for example) BOTH WITH ONE CENTROMERE |
| Sister chromatids/non-sister chromatids | Sister chromatids: replicated DNA, containing 2 identical chomatids, attached at the centromere is one chromosome Non-sister chromatids |
| Locus | genetic street address chromosome carry hundreds of genes, each gene have specific location on a specific chromosome |
| Chromatid | One DNA molecule |
| If asked how many chromosomes are present in a cell.. | count the number of chromatids |
| 3 terms to describe chromosomes in a cell | 1 . Total number of chromosomes found within a cell 2. Ploidy of cells (number of complete sets of chromosome in a cell) 3. Haploid number (n) (number of different (or unique) chromsomes in one set) |
| somatic cell | any cell other than the gametes (sex cell): liver cell, skin cell... |
| Diploid | 2n humans somatic cells are diploid |
| Haploid | 1n human gametes are haploid |
| Haploid number | Number of chromosomes on a set human is 23 in one set ex. 2n = 46 (diploid) |
| Same chromosome | Same chromosomes: same length, same centromere location, and same banding pattern at same location (but maybe diff alleles a, A) |
| Genotype | Set of alleles/genes carried by a indivisual or a cell |
| Cell division | 2 types: 1. Mitosis + cytokinesis 2. Meiosis + cytokinesis |
| Cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| Mitosis & Meiosis | nuclear divisions |
| Mitosis | Occurs in somatic cells parent cell produce two progeny/daughter cells that are genatically identical Very important Essential for growth, rehealing |
| Cell cycle | Mitosis - shortest part Interphase - longest phase |
| Interphase | A cell is performing it's normal funcitons and also getting ready for cell division |
| Interpret diagrams of chromosomes at different stages Given a drawing of a cell, tell which stage in cell cycle and justify answer Or give information and draw cell | |
| Identify homologous chromosomes, genes, alleles, sister and non-sister | |
| Predict the genotype of the progeny cells and their frequency | |
| Interphase stages | G1 phase s phase G2 phase |
| Interphase (G1 phase) | DNA not replicated, cell is performing functions, begins to prepare cell division (aquire energy, building blcoks, increase size) Checkpoint near the end - sufficient number of organelles? - cell good size? - damaged DNA? |
| Interphase (s phase) | Two strands of a DNA molecules seperate from each other Each strand serves as a template to synthesize a new complementary strande Result in to DNA molecules |
| Interphase (G2 phase) | Final prepareation before cell divides Additional growth if needed Organelles are replicated if needed checkpoint: - All DNA is replicated and undamaged |
| Mitosis phases | 1. prophase 2. prometaphase (don't worry about, just know prophase) 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase don't need to know checkpoints |
| Mitosis phase (prophase) | Chromosomes condenses Spindle fibers form |
| Mitosis phase (prometaphase) | Nuclear envelope breaks down for the spindle fibers to get to the chromosomes |
| Mitosis phase (Metaphase) | Middle chromosomes complete migration to the middle fo cell |
| Mitosis phase (Anaphase) | Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by th spindle fibers |
| Mitosis phase (Telophase) | nuclear envelope reforms and cell start to decondense |
| Mitosis phase (Cytokinesis) | the plasma membrane starts to pinch in to create two progeny/daughter cells |
| Spindle fiber | Chromosomes can't move by themselves |
| Meiosis | type of cell division found in sexual reproductions diploid (2n) parent divide twice to produce 4 geneticallly uniquehploid (1n) daughter cell or gametes Location: Gonads (where egg and sperm are produced) |
| Stages of meiosis | two rounds: meiosis I and meiosis II Each round of cell division has 4 phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (+ Cytokinesis) |
| Midterm | Explain how: (1) crossing-over and recombination; and (2) the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes contribute to genetic differences amongst gametes. |
| Interphase | before a cell go into meiosis, it enters this phase (G1, S, G2) |
| Meiosis I | Homologous chromosomes separate from each other (not seen in mitosis) |
| Meiosis II | Sister chromatids separate from each other (similar to mitosis) very similar to mitosis, but with haploid |
| meiosis phase (prophase I) | Early phrophase I - Homologous chromosomes come together Late phrophase II - crossing over: process - recombination: outcome of crossing over |
| Crossing over | Non-sister chromatids touch each other. DNA is cut at the same spot on both. The pieces swap when the DNA is repaired. Result: chromatids become mixed (maternal + paternal DNA). random combo |
| meiosis phase (metaphase I) | Drawing on exam: replicated homologs on either side of the metaphase plate Homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell. Each pair lines up randomly. The number of possible ways they can line up = 2ⁿ |
| meiosis phase (anaphase I) | Homologous chromosomes separate – move towards poles – note: chromosomes are still replicated A = apart |
| meiosis phase (telophase I & cytokinesis) | Meiosis I completes two daughter cells (haploid): sister chromatids still attached at centromere Cytokinesis – creates two HAPLOID cells |
| Interkinesis | between meiosis I & II, resting phase |
| Trait | Any observable characteristics on an organism |
| Phenotype | state of a trait eye colour: gold body lenght: 10cm |
| Trait | Any observable characteristics on an organism |
| Phenotype | state of a trait eye colour: gold body lenght: 10cm |
| Trait | Any observable characteristics on an organism |
| Phenotype | state of a trait eye colour: gold body lenght: 10cm |
| Dominant allele | A trait that “shows up” as long as you have at least one copy of it. So if F is dominant: FF → shows dominant trait Ff → still shows dominant trait (even though you also have f) |
| Recessive allele | Only shows up if you have two copies of it. So if f is recessive: ff → shows recessive trait Ff → does not show recessive trait |
| Dominant allele | A trait that “shows up” as long as you have at least one copy of it. So if F is dominant: FF → shows dominant trait Ff → still shows dominant trait (even though you also have f) |
| Recessive allele | Only shows up if you have two copies of it. So if f is recessive: ff → shows recessive trait Ff → does not show recessive trait |
| autosome | Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome = chromosomes that are NOT X or Y Humans have 22 pairs of these: numbered 1–22 23rd pair is XY or XX pair |
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