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MMBio Quiz 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleoside | base + sugar |
| nucleotide | base+sugar+phosphate |
| the base attaches to C_ of the sugar | C1 1' |
| the phosphate group attaches to C_ of the sugar | C5 5' |
| pyrimidine | 1 ring T and C |
| purine | 2 rings A and G |
| T | has two oxygens |
| C | has one oxygen, and one NH2 |
| A | has NH2 |
| G | has O and NH2 |
| uracil, like thymine has | two oxygens |
| RNA | ribose hydroxyl group (one more oxygen) single stranded uracil copy |
| DNA | deoxyribose absent O double strand thymine OG version |
| the phosphate group is ________/_____ so it faces ______ | phosphate group is polar/hydrophilic so it faces the water |
| the base is a ring so it is _______/_______ and it faces _____ | the base is a ring so it is hydrophobic/nonpolar and it faces away from the water |
| this makes the sugar group ______ | overall amphipathic |
| you always build nucleic acids from 5' to 3' meaning you can only add to the ___ end | 3' |
| polymerization | putting nucleotides together |
| the double helix was proven by | crystallography |
| A-T has __ hydrogen bonds | 2 |
| C-G has ___ hydrogen bonds | 3 |
| helix twist forms a _____ and ____ groove | minor and major |
| major groove | shallow, wider |
| minor groove | deeper, narrower |
| sense strand antisense strand | 5 to 3 3 to 5 meaning they are parallel |
| DNA polymerase | needs a primer to start building, can only build |
| "smarter" RNA polymerase | does not require primer, can read and build |
| central dogma of biology | "gene expression" DNA DNA replication DNA polymerase transcription RNA polymerase RNA translation ribosome protein |
| exceptions to the dogma | reverse transcriptase - RNA back to DNA (retroviruses) many RNAs do encode proteins (tRNA and rRNA) self-replicating proteins (prions) |
| Griffith's experiment what did he study? | studied pneumococcus colonies R cells and S cells |
| living S cells living R cells heat-killed S cellls living R cells and heat killed S cells | living S cells --> mouse died living R cells --> mouse lived heat-killed S cellls --> mouse lived living R cells and heat killed S cells --> mouse died?? |
| Griffith's experiment conclusion | showed R cells somehow changed to be able to kill the mice like S cells |
| Griffith's experiment application | genetic material can be transformed between living organisms and to have new abilities |
| Avery/MacLeod/McCarty what did they do? | tested a tube with carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| control treated with protease (kills proteins) treated with ribonuclease (kills RNA) treated with deoxyribonuclease (kills DNA) | control treated with protease (kills proteins) treated with ribonuclease (kills RNA) transformation occurs, contains active factor treated with deoxyribonuclease (kills DNA) NO transformation, active factor is DNA |
| Avery/MacLeod/McCarty conclusion | the active factor (genetic material) is DNA |
| protease | destroys proteins |
| ribonuclease | destroys RNA |
| deoxyribonuclease | destroys DNA |
| Chargaff's experiment | measured amounts of A, T, C, G |
| Chargaff's experiment findings | A and T quantities matched up C and G quantities matched up |
| Chargaff's experiment conclusion | no tetranucleotide, nucleotides must be related to the genetic code |
| bacteriophage (phage) | virus that attacks bacteria and uses it as a host to replicate only made of DNA and proteins |
| Hershey/chase blender experiment labels | labeled proteins with S35 (sulfur, common in proteins) labeled DNA with P32 (phosphorus, common in DNA) |
| Hershey/chase blender experiment used _____ and to knock off proteins ______ the mixture ______ sank to bottom ______ parts stay in liquid (supernatant) | used blender and to knock off proteins centrifuged the mixture bacteria sank to bottom phage parts stay in liquid (supernatant) |
| Hershey/chase blender experiment results | P32 found inside bacteria S35 stayed outside in supernatant |
| Hershey/chase blender experiment conclusion | only phosphorous/DNA is needed to produce new phages, it must be genetic material |
| DNA in parent phage produced _____-_______ protein in parent phage produced _________ | DNA in parent phage produced semi-conservative (DNA conserved) protein in parent phage produced conservative (no protein conserved |
| simple Griffith | live/dead rats, genetic material can be transformed |
| simple Avery/MacLeod/McCarty | tested tubes, DNA is genetic material |
| Chargraff simple | A-T C-G disproved tetranucelotide |
| Hershey/Chase | tracked phages, showed phosphorous/DNA are genetic material |
Created by:
anyasalmon