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Stack #4605950
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Liberal Democracy | Free, fair, and democratic elections, protection of natural rights and free and independent press, political representation |
| John Locke | people are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, government exists to protect these rights, social contract theory |
| James Madison (Federalist No. 10) | Factions are inevitable in a free society,Best controlled by a large republic, Argued that representative democracy is better than direct democracy |
| Articles of Confederation – Weaknesses | Could not tax, Could not maintain a standing army, Could not regulate interstate commerce, Was weaker than state governments |
| Great (Connecticut) Compromise | The House of Representatives is based on population, The Senate gives equal representation to each state |
| Amendment Process | Proposed by ⅔ of both houses of Congress, Ratified by ¾ of the states |
| Federalism is | the division of power between federal and state governments. |
| Dual federalism is | often call layered cake federalism. Has separate layers of responsibility. |
| Cooperative federalism | is often called marble cake federalism and means shared responsibility for state and federal gov. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause | allows Congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution its other powers. |
| Commerce Clause. | allows Congress to regulate interstate |
| Supremacy Clause | establishes that federal law overrides state law |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | upheld supremacy powers and established that Congress has broad implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause to implement the Constitution's express powers. |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | placed limits on the commerce clause |
| Separation of powers divides government into | the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. |
| An example of checks and balances is | when the senate confirms presidential appointments. |
| Independent regulatory agencies | raise concerns about violating the principle of separation of powers. |
| Differences Between the House and Senate | Debate in the House is more regulated than in the Senate, The House has a rules Committee that sets rules for debate, The Senate allows unlimited debate and the use of the filibuster |
| Congressional Powers | Congress has enumerated powers listed in the Constitution, Congress conducts oversight of the bureaucracy, Congress controls spending through the power of the purse |
| Formal powers include: | Vetoing legislation, Serving as commander in chief, Appointing cabinet, |
| Informal powers include: | Using the bully pulpit, Signing executive agreements, Issuing signed statements |
| Presidential power has expanded largely due to | foreign policy and the United States’ role as a world power. |
| Judicial Review | Established in Marbury v. Madison (1803), Allows courts to declare laws unconstitutional |
| Judicial activism refers to | judges interpreting the Constitution based on their personal beliefs |
| Stare decisis means | to follow precedent |
| Baker v. Carr (1961) established | the principle of one person, one vote |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) ruled | racial gerrymandering unconstitutional |
| The bureaucracy receives its authority from | Congress through delegated discretionary authority. |
| An Iron triangle consists of | congressional committees, interest groups, and bureaucratic agencies. |
| Congress has the greatest influence over agencies through | legislative oversight. |
| Free Speech | protected in Tinker v. Des Moines |
| Originally, the Bill of Rights applied only to | the state government. |
| Most rights were later applied to the federal gov through | selective incorporation under the 14th Amendment. |
| Gideon v. Wainwright guaranteed | the right to counsel |
| McDonald v. Chicago applied | the 2nd Amendment to the states |
| Brown v. Board of Education addressed | racial segregation |
| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 enforced. | the 14th Amendment |
| Title IX prohibited | sex discrimination in education programs receiving federal funding. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | established the power of judicial review. |
| McCulloh v. Maryland (1819) upheld | the use of judicial powers and confirmed federal supremacy over the states. |
| Baker v. Carr (1961) ruled | that political issues are justiciable and established the principle of one person, one vote. |
| Shaw v. Reno (1993) ruled | that racial gerrymandering violates the Equal protection (14th) Amendment. |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) limited | the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress. |
| McDonald v. Chicago (2010) applied | the Second Amendment to the states through the 14th Amendment. |
| Declaration of Independence (1776) | Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, Influenced by the ideas of John Locke, governments derive their power from the consent of the governed, Lists grievances against King George III |
| The Constitution (1787) | Created a system of checks and balances, Divided power using separation of powers, Established executive, legislative, and judicial branches |
| Federalist No. 10 | Focused on the problem of factions, Argued that a large republic best controls their effects |
| Federalists No.51 | Explained how checks and balances protect liberty |
| Federalist No.70 | Argued for a single executive, Claimed energy in the executive is essential for effective leadership |
| Federalist No. 78 (Alexander Hamilton) | Described the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, Argued for judicial review to protect the Constitution, |
| popular sovereignty: | the people are the source of government power |
| Limited government: | government limited by law |
| Enumerated powers: | powers explicitly listed in the Constitution |
| Implied powers: | powers not written but implied |
| Concurrent powers: | powers shared by state and federal governments |
| Necessary and Proper clause: | allows Congress to pass laws necessary to carry out its powers |
| Supremacy clause: | resolves conflicts between state and federal law |
| Commerce clause: | allows regulation of interstate commerce |
| Freedom of the Press | protected in New York Times v. United States |
| Establishment Clause | violated in Engel v. Vitale |
| Free Exercise Clause | Protected in Wisconsin v. Yoder |
| Articles of Confederation | created a weak national government, gave most power to the states governments, did not allow congress to levy taxes, failed due to lack of army |
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