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unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mineral | A mineral is a naturally occurring, usually inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. |
| element | Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. |
| atom | atoms can be thought of as the building blocks of matter. |
| compound | And, if a substance is made up of molecules of two or more elements, the substance is called a compound. |
| matter | Matter is anything that has volume and mass. Volume refers to the amount of space an object takes up. |
| crystal | A crystal is a solid, geometric form that results from a repeating pattern of atoms or molecules. |
| streak | The color of the powdered form of a mineral is its streak. |
| luster | The way a surface reflects light is called luster. |
| cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces is called cleavage. |
| weathering | The process by which water, wind, ice, and changes in temperature break down rock is called weathering. |
| erosion | The process by which sediment is moved from one place to another is called erosion. |
| deposition | The process by which sediment comes to rest is called deposition. |
| igneous rock | Igneous rock forms when magma or lava cools and hardens to become solid |
| sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rock forms when minerals that form from solutions or sediment from older rocks get pressed and cemented together. |
| metamorphic rock | Metamorphic rock forms when pressure, temperature, or chemical processes change existing rock. |
| rock cycle | This series of processes in which rock changes from one type to another is called the rock cycle. |
| uplift | Uplift is the rising of regions of the crust to higher elevations. |
| subsidence | Subsidence is the sinking of regions of the crust to lower elevations. |
| rift zone | A rift zone is an area where a set of deep cracks form. |
| crust | The outermost solid layer of Earth is the crust. |
| mantle | The mantle is located between the core and the crust. |
| convection | Convection is the movement of matter that results from differences in density caused by variations in temperature. |
| core | The core extends from below the mantle to the center of Earth. |
| lithosphere | The outermost, rigid layer of Earth is the lithosphere. |
| asthenosphere | The asthenosphere is a layer of weak or soft mantle that is made of rock that flows slowly. |
| mesosphere | The strong, lower part of the mantle is called the mesosphere. |
| Pangaea | Scientists think that about 245 million years ago, the continents were joined in a single large landmass they call Pangaea |
| sea-floor spreading | To explain the age and magnetic patterns of sea-floor rocks, scientists proposed a process called sea-floor spreading. |
| plate tectonics | Plate tectonics describes large-scale movements of Earth’s lithosphere, which is made up of the crust and the rigid, upper part of the mantle. |
| tectonic plates | The lithosphere is divided into pieces called tectonic plates. |
| convergent boundary | Convergent boundaries form where two plates collide. |
| divergent boundary | At a divergent boundary, two plates move away from each other. |
| transform boundary | A boundary at which two plates move past each other horizontally is called a transform boundary. |
| deformation | Deformation is the process by which rocks change shape when under stress. Rock can bend if it is placed under high temperature and pressure for long periods of time. |
| folding | Folding occurs when rock layers bend under stress. The bends are called folds |
| fault | The crack that forms when large blocks of rock break and move past each other is called a fault. |
| shear stress | Shear stress is stress that pushes rocks in parallel but opposite directions as seen in the image. |
| tension | Tension is stress that stretches or pulls rock apart. |
| compression | Compression is stress that squeezes or pushes rock together. |
| earthquake | Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy. |
| focus | The focus is a place within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| epicenter | Directly above the focus on Earth’s surface is the epicenter |
| tectonic plate boundary | A tectonic plate boundary is where two or more tectonic plates meet. |
| elastic rebound | The sudden snap is an earthquake. The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation is called elastic rebound. |
| volcano | volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. |
| magma | magma, is less dense than solid rock, so it rises toward the surface. |
| lava | Lava is magma that has reached Earth’s surface. |
| vent | vent, or opening of a volcano. |
| hot spot | A hot spot is a location where a column of extremely hot mantle rock, called a mantle plume, rises through the asthenosphere. |
Created by:
Summer piazza