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HBS #6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are glial cells? What is another name for glial? | They are support cells in the CNS that work to support insulate and protect neurons. Another name is neuroglia. |
| What is an astrocyte? | They are a type of glial cells that forms a barrier between the capillaries and neurons and controls the chemical environment of the neuron. Also braces the neuron. |
| What is a microglia cell? | Act like a bodyguard / janitor. Dispose of debris and also an immune cell that takes out foreign invaders. |
| What is an ependymal cell? | They help produce and move cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. |
| What is an oligodendrocyte? | They produce myelin sheaths. (Myelin insulates nueron) Only in central nervous system. |
| What are the glial cells that are found in the Central Nervous System? | Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes. |
| What do satellite cells do? | They protect and give nutrient to the cell body. They surround the cell. |
| What is a Schwann cell? | It produces myelin in the PNS. |
| What does a sensory neuron do? | They detect stimuli from the environment and convert them into electrical signals that travel to the CNS for processing. |
| What does a motor neuron do? | They transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, telling them to contract or not which enables movement. |
| What does acetylcholine do? | Muscle contraction, learning, and memory. |
| What does dopamine do? | Pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory, and movement. |
| What does gamma-aminobutyric acid do (GABA)? | Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. |
| What does glutamate do? | Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
| What does epinephrine and norepinephrine do? | Fight-or-flight response, to increase arousal and attention. |
| What does serotonin do? | Regulates mood and sleep; aids in digestion. |
| What does histamine do? | Metabolism, temperature control, regulation of various hormones, and control of the sleep-wake cycle. |
| What does an agonist do? | It binds to a receptor and activities it to produce a response. |
| What does an antagonist do? | Binds to a receptor and blocks the activation of the receptor, returning a receptor to baseline. |
| What does an inverse agonist do? | Binds to a receptor and has the opposite effect of an agonist, depressing receptor activity. |
| What does a reuptake inhibitor do? | Blocks the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse. |
| What is an example of an agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, and reuptake inhibitor? | Agonist - Morphine, Antagonist - Caffeine, Inverse agonist - Diphenhydramine, Reuptake inhibitor - Cocaine. |
| What is the reward pathway of the brain and its purpose? | It is the dopamine pathway that reinforces survival behaviors. |
| What are the steps to an action potential? (1-3) | 1. Resting membrane potential is -70mV, 2. A stimulus is applied to the cell, causing the membrane potential to rise. 3. After stimulation the neuron reaches threshold membrane potential (-55mV). |
| What are the steps to an action potential? (4) | 4. When threshold is reached a large number of sodium channels open, allowing positively charged ions into the cells. This causes depolarization as the membrane potential rises to 0 and becomes positive. |
| What are the steps to an action potential? (5-6) | 5. The action potential reaches peak, sodium channels close and potassium channels open which allows potassium to flow out of the cell. 6. With potassium channels open, the inside of the cell falls in reploraization, and the potential drops toward resting |
| What is the difference between a reflex and a reaction? | Reflex is an automatic, involuntary response compared to a reaction which is a slower, voluntary conscious response. |
| Why does your reaction time improve the longer you do a task? | The repetitive training strengthens neutral pathways which makes them faster and more efficient. |
| What is the difference between a voluntary and an involuntary response? | Voluntary actions are consciously controlled by the brain, while involuntary actions are automatic responses not consciously controlled. |
| What is occurring in a reflex arc and what are the different parts? of it? | It is a rapid, involuntary neural pathway that controls a reflex action and it consists of a sensory neuron to a motor neuron to a muscle. |
| What is Devic's disease? | Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. Attack the myelin sheath and cause damage. |
| What is Epilepsy? | Abnormal amount of neurons fire electrical signals at once, and can cause seizures. |
| What is Fibromyalgia? | Changes in the way the CNS processes messages and can create painful sensations throughout the body. Sensation disorder. |
| What is Alzheimer's? | Inner neurons are dying within the brain and can cause memory loss and confusion. |
| What is Multiple Sclerosis? | Progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS. Have fatigue and muscle weakness. |
| What is Parkinson's disease? | Loss of dopamine in the midbrain and has tremors and slow movements. |
| What is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease? | Genetic disorder, it is peripheral nerve damage that affects myelin and has high foot arches. |
| What is Huntington's disease? | Genetic disease that does not produce protein correctly in the brain. |
| What is ALS? | Targets motor neurons and the muscles can't be controlled. Muscle weakness is a symptom. |
| What is differential diagnosis? | A process used to identify the most likely cause of a patient;s symptoms by creating a list of possible conditions and then ruling them out. |
| What is an action potential? | An electrical signal traveling down a neuron. |
| What is a unipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar? | Unipolar -- single extension leaves the cell body, then divides. Pseudounipolar - single process emerges from cell body, then splits into two branches. Multipolar - One axon and multiple dendrites extend from cell body. |
| What is a bipolar? | Bipolar - One axon and one dendrite extend from opposite ends of cell. |
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