Newton’s Third Law states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Forces always come in pairs when two objects interact.

Action - Reaction Pairs

Action and reaction forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. They act on different objects, not the same object.

Examples of Newton's 3rd Law

When you push on a wall, the wall pushes back. When you jump, your feet push down on the ground and the ground pushes you up.

Important reminder about Newton's 3rd Law

Action–reaction forces do not cancel each other because they act on different objects.

Momentum describes how hard it is to stop a moving object. Objects with more mass or more speed have more momentum.

Momentum is calculated using p = mv, where m is mass and v is velocity.

Direction of momentum

Momentum has direction. An object’s momentum points in the same direction as its motion.

Conservation of momentum

The law of conservation of momentum states that total momentum stays the same in a closed system.

A closed system is one where no outside forces, like friction or air resistance, affect the objects.

Before and after interactions

In a collision, momentum can move from one object to another, but the total momentum of the system remains constant.

Momentum is conserved when objects collide, whether they bounce apart or stick together.

Newton's 3rd law and momentum

Momentum is conserved because the forces between objects are equal and opposite during interactions.

Impulse describes how a force applied over time changes an object’s momentum. A larger force or a longer time of contact causes a larger change in momentum.

Airbags, seat belts, and padding increase stopping time, reducing the force during a collision.

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Newton's 3rd Law

Term	Definition
Newton's Third Law	Newton’s Third Law states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Forces always come in pairs when two objects interact.
Action - Reaction Pairs	Action and reaction forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. They act on different objects, not the same object.
Examples of Newton's 3rd Law	When you push on a wall, the wall pushes back. When you jump, your feet push down on the ground and the ground pushes you up.
Important reminder about Newton's 3rd Law	Action–reaction forces do not cancel each other because they act on different objects.
What is momentum?	Momentum describes how hard it is to stop a moving object. Objects with more mass or more speed have more momentum.
Momentum formula	Momentum is calculated using p = mv, where m is mass and v is velocity.
Direction of momentum	Momentum has direction. An object’s momentum points in the same direction as its motion.
Conservation of momentum	The law of conservation of momentum states that total momentum stays the same in a closed system.
Closed system	A closed system is one where no outside forces, like friction or air resistance, affect the objects.
Before and after interactions	In a collision, momentum can move from one object to another, but the total momentum of the system remains constant.
Collisions	Momentum is conserved when objects collide, whether they bounce apart or stick together.
Newton's 3rd law and momentum	Momentum is conserved because the forces between objects are equal and opposite during interactions.
What is impulse?	Impulse describes how a force applied over time changes an object’s momentum. A larger force or a longer time of contact causes a larger change in momentum.
Impulse in real life	Airbags, seat belts, and padding increase stopping time, reducing the force during a collision.

Created by: Grade4Silvestri

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