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gem midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| benchmark poll | taken at the beginning of a campaign to measure name recognition and initial support |
| tracking poll | repeated over time to measure changes in public opinion |
| exit poll | polls voters as they leave polling places to determine how different groups voted and why |
| opinion/issue poll | measures public attitudes toward specific policies or issues |
| push poll | designed to influence opinions using biased or misleading questions rather than measure them |
| why are push polls controveersial | they manipulate public opinion instead of accurately measuring it |
| focus group | small in depth discussion group used to explore voter attitudes and reasoning |
| rational choice voting | voters act in their own self-interest, choosing the option that maximizes personal benefit |
| restrospective voting | Voting based on past performance of a party or candidate |
| prospective voting | voting based on a candidate's promises and expected future performance |
| party-line (straight ticket) voting | voting for all candidates from the same political party |
| split ticket voting | voting for candidates from different political parties |
| clothes-pin voting | voting for the "lesser of two evils" when neither candidate is appealing |
| what is a linkage institution | institutions that connect citizens to the government and translate public concerns into policy |
| examples of linkage instuttions | political parties, elections, interest groups, media |
| political party | organization of people with shared ideology seeking to influence policy by electing candidates |
| party platform | a partys official statement of policy positions and beliefs |
| why do third parties form | when voters feel major parties don't represent their interests |
| single member districts | one 1 representative per district --> discourages third parties |
| winter take all electoral system | candidate with the most votes gets all electors --> hurts third parties |
| financial barriers to third parties | third parties have far less funding than Democrats and republicans |
| major party absorbption | major parties adopt popular third-party ideas, weakening them |
| how are electoral votes calculated | house members + senators (min of 3 per state) |
| electoral college victory requirement | 270 electoral votes to win |
| argument in favor of the electoral college | filters potentially radical or uninformed mass public opinion |
| gerrymandering | drawing oddly shaped districts to give one party an electoral advantage |
| redistricting | redrawing congressional district boundaries |
| reapportionment | redistribution of house seats among states after the census |
| packing | concentrating opposing voters into a few districts |
| cracking | spreading opposing voters across many districts to dilute their power |
| hard money | direct donations to candidates; more strictly regulated |
| soft money | donations to parties or political causes; fewer restrictions historically |
| bipartisan Campaign reform act (BCRA) | limited soft money contributions |
| citizens United V FEC 2010 | ruled political spending is protected speech --> allowed unlimited independent expenditures |
| super PACS | can raise unlimited money but cannot directly coordinate with candidates |
| closed primary | only registered party members may vote |
| open primary | voters choose which partys primary to vote in |
| caucus | voters meet to discuss and vote on candidates often publicly |
| media as gatekeeper | decides which stories are covered, shaping public priorities |
| media as scorekeeper | frames elections like a horse race using polls |
| media as watchdog | investigates and exposes government wrongdoing |
| interest group | organization seeking to influence public policy without running candidates |
| interest group tactics | lobbying, endorsements, amicus briefs, voter movilization |
| economic interest groups | represent business or labor interests |
| single issue / ideological ggroups | focus on 1 policy issue |
| equality groups | seek to reduce discrimination |
| pluralism | many competing groups influence policy |
| elitism | wealthy powerful groups dominate policymaking |
| hyperpluralism | too many groups cause gridlock |
| federalism | divisiion of power between federal and state governments |
| delegated (expressed) powers | explicitly listed powers of the federal government |
| reserved powers | powers given to the states under the 10th amendment |
| concurrent powers | shared powers (ex - taxation) |
| categorical grant | federal money with strict conditions attatched |
| block grant | federal money with fewer restrictions --> more state flexiibliitly |
| conditions of aid | requirements States must meet to receive federal funds |
| mandates | federal requirements States must follow funded or unfunded |
| McCulloch vs maryland | state tried to tax national bank, necessary/proper + supreme clause, expanded federal power |
| us vs lopez | gun free school Zones Act, commerce clause limited, restricted federal power |
| NY times vs united states | Pentagon papers, first amendment, limited prior restraint |
| Baker v carr | unequal districts, equal protection clause, one person one vote |
| shaw v reno | racial gerrymandering, equal protection clause, race cannot be sole factor |
| political socialization | process by which individuals form political beliefs |
| most influential factor in political socialization | family |
| groups more likely to vote | older, wealthier, whiter, more educated, higher political efficacy |
| participatory democracy | broad citizen particpation |
| pluralist democracy | group based policymaking |
| elitist democracy | power concentrated among elites |
| declaration of independence | colonists break from Britain, grievances include no taxation without representation and ignored legislatures, natural rights, popular sovereignty, limited government, consent of the governed |
| articles of confederation | weak federal government, strong states; problems: no tax power, no executive, each state one vote, amendments need unanimity. Shays' rebellion highlighted weakness |
| brutus 1 | anti federalist essay; warns federal government will overreach via necessary and proper clause and supremacy Clause; small republic preferred for citizens to be better known and governed |
| fed 10 | Madison argues factions are inevitable; large republic prevents single faction domination; supports strong federal government |
| fed 51 | Madison explains checks and balances, seperation of powers, federalism, limits tyrannical power |
| necessary and proper clause | Congress can make laws to carry out expressed powers; basis for implied powers |
| supremacy clause | federal law > state law when in conflict |
| commerce clause | federal gov can regulate interstate commerce |
| equal protection clause | States must treat all citizens fairly |
| establishment clause | government cannot establish or favor a religion |
| free exercise clause | citizens can practice religion freely within limits |
| 1st amendemtn | freedom of speech press religion Assembly petition |
| 2nd amendment | right to bear arms |
| 8th amendment | no curel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail or fines |
| 10th amendemtn | powers not given to federal gov are reserved for the state and people |
| 13th amendemtn | abolished slavery |
| 14th amendment | citizenship clause, due process clause, equal protection clause |
| 15th amendemtn | right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous slave status |
| 17th amendment | senators elected by popular vote instead of state legislatures |
| 19th amendment | women's suffrage |
| 22nd amendment | president limited to two terms |
| 24th amendemtn | no poll taxes to restrict voting rights |
| 26th amendment | citizens 18+ can vote |
Created by:
hayleyh22