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bio- ch 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is chromatin? | less tightly coiled DNA |
| what form is DNA in during interphase? | chromatin |
| what is a chromosome? | tightly coiled DNA |
| what form is DNA in during cell division? | chromosomes |
| what kind of structure do eukaryotes have? | linear structure |
| what are histones? | type of protein |
| what shape is the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes? | in rings called plasmids |
| How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell? | 46 |
| what is a homologous chromosome (homolog) | have 2 copies of each chromosome (from each parent) |
| how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? | 23 |
| what pair are sex chromosomes? | 23rd/last pair |
| what pair numbers are autosomal chromosomes? | numbers 1-22 |
| what is a diploid? | cells having 2 sets of chromosomes (total number of chromosomes) |
| what is a haploid? | half the number of chromosomes, number found in sex cells |
| chromatid | half of a chromosome |
| what is a centromere? | holds 2 chromatids together |
| what is a karyotype? | a picture of chromosomes lined up in homologs |
| what is binary fission? | cell division for prokaryote |
| what is mitosis? | cells division in eukaryotes that results in daughter cells identical to the parent cell |
| what is meiosis? | prepares eukaryotes for sexual reproduction |
| what are the steps to binary fission? | plasmid is copied, cell divides, 2 identical cells result |
| what is the cell cycle? | repeated set of events in the life of the cell |
| what part of the cell does mitosis divide? | the nucleus |
| what part of the cell does cytokinesis divide? | the cytoplasm |
| what are the phases of interphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| what happens during G1? | first growth phase |
| what happens during S (synthesis) phase? | DNA replication |
| what happens during G2? | cells gets ready for division |
| what percent of a cell's life is spent in interphase? | 90% |
| what is the G0 phase? | a resting phase |
| what are the 4 phases of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| what happens during prophase? | chromatin coils into chromosomes, nucleus/nucleolus disappear, spindle fibers/Astors form |
| what happens during metaphase? | chromosomes line up on equator of the cell, kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes |
| what happens during anaphase? | centromere divides, chromatids separate/move to opposite ends of cell |
| what happens during telophase? | chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, spindle fibers disappear, nuclear envelope+nucleolus return |
| what happens during cytokinesis? | cytoplasm divides/ 2 identical daughter cells are formed |
| what are the 3 main checkpoints? | G1, G2, and M |
| what does the G1 checkpoint check for? | check to see if cell has grown enough and is healthy. if yes, on to S phase, if no, back to G0 |
| what does the G2 checkpoint look for? | DNA repair and check for proper DNA replication |
| what does the M checkpoint do(before telophase) | exit mitosis and enter G1 phase |
| what is an apoptosr? | programmed cell death |
| what is contact inhibition? | when cells divide based on whether they are touching each other or not |
| what is anchorage? | cells need to grow on a surface |
| what happens if cells do not respond to control mechanisms? | cancer |
| what is a tumor? | mass of cells that interfere with normal functioning |
| meiosis | process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in half |
| How many haploid gametes does meiosis produce? | 4 |
| what is interkinesis? | period of time between divisions of meiosis |
| can DNA replicate? | no |
| what are the phases of meiosis 1? | Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telaphase 1 |
| what happens during prophase 1? | same events as prophase+ tetrad/synapsis and crossing over |
| tetrad/synapsis | 4 chromatids lined up together |
| crossing over | portions of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material |
| what happens during metaphase 1? | tetrads line up in center of cell, independent assortment, genetic recombination |
| independent assortment | random line up of homologous chromosomes |
| genetic recombination | result of crossing over/independent assortment |
| what happens during anaphase 1? | tetrads separate to opposite ends of the cell |
| what happens during telophase 1? | cytokinesis to result in 2 cells |
| what happens during meiosis 2? | prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 |
| what happens during prophase 2? | same events as prophase |
| what happens during metaphase 2? | chromosomes line up at center of the cell |
| what happens during anaphase 2? | chromatids separate |
| what happens during telophase 2? | cytokinesis/ 4 new haploid cells |
| gametogenesis | making of gametes |
| spermatogenesis | process of making sperm cells |
| oogenesis | process that produces mature egg cells |
| sexual reproduction | formation of offspring through meiosis and the union of sperm and egg |
| fertilization | union of sperm and egg |
| zygote | new diploid cell formed by fertilization |
Created by:
gschultz2028