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Unit 3
Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development throughout the lifespan. |
| Cross Sectional Study | Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time. |
| Longitudinal Study | Research that follows and retests the same people over time. |
| Zygote | The fertilized egg – enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |
| Embryo | The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |
| Fetus | The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |
| Teratogens | Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | Physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by a birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features. |
| Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |
| Maturation | Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |
| Critical Period | An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development. |
| Adolescence | The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |
| Puberty | The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |
| Menopause | The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |
| Sex | In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex. |
| Gender | In psychology, the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. (See also gender identity.) |
| Intersex | Possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth. |
| Aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. |
| Relational Aggression | An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing. |
| X Chromosome | The sex chromosome found in females and males. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
| Y Chromosome | The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
| Testosterone | The most important male sex hormone. Males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty. |
| Estrogens | Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | Non-reproductive traits; such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |
| Spermarche | The first ejaculation. |
| Menarche | The first menstrual period. |
| Role | A set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| Gender Role | A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and for women. |
| Sexual Aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Can be expressed as either sexual harassment or sexual assault. |
| Gender Identity | Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity. |
| Social Learning Theory | A set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| Gender Typing | The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
| Androgyny | Blending traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics. |
| Transgender | An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-assigned sex. |
| Sexuality | Our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another. |
| Asexual | Having no sexual attraction towards others. |
| Social Script | A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. |
| Sexual Orientation | According to the APA (2015), “a person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction.” |
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