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2056 Week 2
Chapter 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define cancer | Uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells |
| What are some risk factors for developing cancer? | Smoking Excessive body weight Decreased physical activity Alcohol Sun exposure Unhealthy eating Genetics |
| What are the 2 biological processes of cancer? | 1. Defects in cellular proliferation - cells have loss of contact inhibition 2. Defects in cellular differentiation - Benign neoplasms & malignant neoplasms |
| What is contact inhibition? | The cells have inability to know boundaries |
| What is the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms? | Benign tumors (noncancerous neoplasms) usually grow slowly and don't spread. Malignant tumors (cancerous neoplasms) usually grow rapidly and invade other parts of your body |
| What are the 3 phases of development of cancer? | Initiation: A carcinogen causes permanent DNA mutation in a cell. Promotion: Latency period - The mutated cell is stimulated to multiply Progression: The abnormal cells acquire aggressive traits that allow invasion, spread, and full malignancy. |
| What is metastases? | Rapid growth, increases in size and develops own blood supply, invades surrounding tissue, certain tumor cells can detach from primary tumor |
| What are the 3 levels of cell differentiation? | 1. Well-differentiated - look and behave normally 2. Undifferentiated or poorly differentiated - worse prognosis 3. Moderately differentiated - Combination of well and poor |
| What is low dose toxicity? | Low-dose exposures to common environmental chemicals that are deemed safe individually |
| What are the main sites of bloodborne metastasis? | Brain Lungs Liver Adrenals Bone |
| What does it mean when cancer cells can be perceived as non-self entities or self entities? | The immune system recognizes the response of non-self entities and then can elicit an immune response causing their rejection and destruction. |
| What are the general categories of cancer classification? | - Anatomical site - Histological analysis - Clinical staging |
| What is the histological analysis? | The grading by appearance of cells and degree of differentiation |
| What are the grades in the histological analysis? | 1. Cells differ slightly from normal 2. Cells are mor abnormal 3. Cells are very abnormal and poorly differentiated 4. Cells are immature and primitive and undifferentiated |
| describe each of the clinical staging of cancer | 0 - Cancer in situ 1 - tumor limited to tissue of origin 2 - Limited local spread 3 - Extensive local and regional spread 4 - Metastasis |
| What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? | Change in bladder or bowel habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or a lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| what are the 3 categories of cancer treatment? | Cure Control Palliation |
| Describe the cure category of cancer treatment? | Intended to eliminate all cancer cells so the patient has no evidence of disease long‑term. Ex. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, stem cell or bone marrow transplant |
| Describe the control category of cancer treatment? | Pt has initial course of therapy (ie. surgery) and continues maintenance therapy and monitoring so detection of disease recurrence can occur |
| What is the palliation category of cancer treatment? | Relief or control of symptoms to optimize the quality of life Ex. radiation therapy to relieve pain of bone metastasis |
| What’s the purpose of removing a margin of normal tissue during cancer surgery? | It helps ensure that no cancer cells are left behind at the edges, reducing the risk of recurrence and improving the chances of a complete cure. |
| What are some examples of supportive and palliative cancer surgeries? | Ex. feeding tubes, colostomy, suprapubic cystostomy |
| What is chemotherapy used for? | The treatment of solid tumors - esp. hematological malignancies The goal is to reduce the number of cancer cells present in the tumor sites |
| In relation to chemotherapy, define extravasation? | The leakage of IV chemotherapy drugs from the vein into surrounding tissues. |
| In relation to chemotherapy, what are vesicants? | A class of chemotherapy drugs that cause blistering, tissue necrosis, and severe local damage if extravasation occur |
| What is radiation therapy used for? What does it do? | Local treatment Breaks bonds in DNA which causes lethal or sublethal damage |
| What is the most common form of radiation? | Teletherapy |
| What is brachytherapy? | Internal radiation where radioactive materials are implanted into a tumor or close to a tumor |
| What are the side effects of radiation treatment? (GI and Hematological) | - Stomatitis, Esophagitis, Mucositis – Inflammation and ulceration - Nausea & Vomiting - Anorexia, Diarrhea, Constipation - Anemia – Bone marrow suppression - Leukopenia - Thrombocytopenia – ↓ Platelets = increased risk of spontaneous bleeding |
| What are the side effects of radiation treatment? (Integ., urinary, reproductive, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular) | Alopecia, cystitis, infertility risk, nervous, pneumonitis, pericarditis |
| The nurse is caring for a client who is receiving external beam radiation therapy for treatment of lung cancer. Which of the following assessments is the priority? 1. Dysphagia 2. Redness of the skin 3. Decreased energy levels 4. Change in appetite | |
| A patient is receiving chemotherapy for leukemia. Which requires intervention by the nurse? 1. The patient ambulates several times a day. 2. The patient’s temperature is 38.2°C. 3. The patient cleans with a warm washcloth after having a stool. | B |
| What are some examples of obstructive oncological emergencies? | - Superior vena cava syndrome: obstruction by tumor - Spinal cord compression - malignant tumor in epidural space of spinal cord - Third spacing: fluid from vascular space to interstitial space - Intestinal obstruction: partial or complete obstruction |
| What are some examples of metabolic oncological emergencies? | - SIADH - Hypercalcemia: serum levels of calcium in excess of 3 mmol/L - Tumor lysis syndrome: destruction of large number of tumour cells - Septic shock - Disseminated intravascular coagulation: profuse bleeding from decreased platelets and clotting |
| What are some examples of Infiltrative oncological emergencies? | - Cardiac tamponade: fluid accumulation in pericardial sac - Carotid artery rupture: bleeding can manifest as minor oozing or, in the case of a bursting of the artery=spurting of blood |
Created by:
ahgecas25