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Definitions II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peristalsis | involuntary, wave-like muscular contractions that move food, liquid, and other substances through the digestive tract and other tubular organs |
| Mydriasis: | dilated pupils |
| Miosis | constricted pupils |
| Photophobia | an abnormal sensitivity or discomfort in the eyes caused by exposure to light |
| Defecation | the process of eliminating solid or semi-solid waste (feces) |
| Lacrimation | the process of producing and releasing tears from the lacrimal glands |
| Agonist | Drug that binds to the receptor and produces an effect |
| Antagonist | Drug that attach to the receptor but do not elicit a response. |
| Paralytic ileus | condition where there is temporary loss of normal movement in the intestines: inability to pass food, gas, or stool through the digestive tract. |
| Hyperpyrexia | extremely high fever (greater than 106.7 F) |
| Acetylcholine | is primarily involved in muscle activation, learning, and memory. |
| Norepinephrine | is a neurotransmitter implicated in mood disorders like depression, but it is not as widely recognized as serotonin for its role in depression. More often associated with attention and alertness |
| Serotonin | neurotransmitter that plays a key role in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and other physiological processes. Low levels are most commonly associated with depression. |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI): | commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when there is a sudden blockage of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle (myocardium). |
| Hypertension: | Referred to as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently elevated. |
| Heart Failure (HF): | also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body’s needs. |
| Vasoconstriction: | is the process by which blood vessels narrow due to the contraction of smooth muscle in their walls. |
| Vasodilation: | is the process by which blood vessels widen due to the relaxation of smooth muscle in their walls. |
| Diuretic: | is a type of medication or substance that promotes the increased production and excretion of urine. |
| Dysgeusia: | Altered sense of taste |
| Angina: | is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen-rich blood. |
| Arrhythmia: | is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. |
| Anticoagulants: | are drugs that in some way interfere with coagulation |
| Hemostasis | is a normal mechanism in the body that is designed to prevent the loss of blood after injury to a blood vessel. |
| Dyslipidemias | abnormal amounts of lipids (fats), such as cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood |
| Flushing | temporary, reddening or warming of the skin. Usually in the face, neck or chest area. |
| Pruritus | medical term for itching |
| Prolong QT | an irregular heart rhythm. Patients that take drugs that prolong the QT interval need periodic ECGs and need to be careful with tachycardia. |
| LDL: | Bad Cholesterol |
| HDL: | Good Cholesterol |
| Asthma | Reversible airway obstruction, associated with reduction in expiratory airflow. |
| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Irreversible airway obstruction which occurs with either chronic bronchitis or emphysema |
| Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchial tubes |
| Emphysema | Chronic lung condition that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs |
| Rhinitis | inflammation or irritation of the mucous membrane inside the nose |
| Antitussive | class of drugs used to suppress or reduce coughing |
| Expectorant | Class of drugs that helps loosen and thin mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to couch it up. |
| Mucolytic | type of medication that helps break down and thin mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to clear through coughing or other means |
| Candidiasis | also known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by candida, a type of yeast |
| Rhinorrhea | refers to the excessive discharge or flow of mucus from the nose. Commonly known as a “runny nose”. |
| Dysphonia | refers to a disorder of the voice that results in difficulties in speaking, often characterized by changes in vocal quality, pitch, loudness, or vocal effort. |
| White Blood Cells (WBC) | also known as leukocytes, are an essential component of the immune system. They help the body fight infections, foreign invaders and abnormal cells. |
| Antacids | are medication that help neutralized stomach acid to relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, indigestion, or an upset stomach. |
| Antiemetics | are medications used to prevent or treat nausea and comiting |
| Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) | unlike IBS – IBD involves actual inflammation and damage to the digestive tract. Two forms: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease |
| Ulcerative colitis | Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-term inflammation and ulcers ONLY in the lining of the colon and rectum. |
| Crohn disease | Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-term inflammation and ulcers in any part of the digestive system from the mouth to the anus. It most commonly impacts the ileum and colon |
| GERD | condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus. |
| Cardiac sphincter | is the ring of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus where it meets the stomach. Its job is to keep food and stomach acid from flowing back up into the esophagus |
| Barrett esophagus | condition where the lining of the esophagus changes due to long-term GERD |
| PUD | peptic ulcer disease – is a condition where open sores, called ulcers, form on the lining of the stomach, upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) or the esophagus |
| Laxatives | are substances or medications used to relieve constipation |
| Anxiety | Is a normal response to stress, but when it becomes excessive or chronic, it can interfere with daily life. |
| Panic Disorders | characterize by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks – sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort |
| Phobias | are intense, irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities that lead to significant distress and avoidance behavior |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | s a mental health condition characterized by the presence of obsessions, compulsions or both |
| Sedation: | Reduction of activity and simple anxiety |
| Hypnotic Dose: | Inducing Sleep |
| GABA: | neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter: Its main function is to reduce neuronal excitability and inhibit excessive nerve activity. GABA produces a calming effect |
| Depression | Mood disorder characterized by low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the CNS |
| Bipolar | Mental health condition characterized by significant mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). |
| Akinesia | Loss of voluntary movement |
| Akathisia | Inability to sit still |
| Tardive dyskinesia: | involuntary repetitive movements, often affecting the face, mouth, and extremities. |
| Extrapyramidal effects: | re a group of symptoms related to motor control that arise from the use of certain medication, particularly antipsychotic drugs. |
| Atypical antipsychotic | are antipsychotics that are less likely to cause certain extrapyramidal effects, aka second-generation antipsychotic agents |
| Typical antipsychotic | considered first-generation antipsychotic agents |
| Prolong QT – | an irregular heart rhythm. Patients that take drugs that prolong the QT interval need periodic ECGs and need to be careful with tachycardia. |
| Trismus | is a condition characterized by the inability to fully open the mouth due to muscle spasm, rigidity, or mechanical obstruction |
| Sialorrhea: | hypersalivation or drooling, is the excessive production of saliva or the inability to effectively manage and swallow saliva. |
| Ageusia: | complete loss of the sense of taste. |
| GABA (Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid) | s an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood and stress regulation. Imbalances have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders |
| Serotonin | neurotransmitter that plays a key role in mood regulation, sleep, appetite, and other physiological processes. Low levels are most commonly associated with depression. |
| SSRIs | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor |
| SNRIs | Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor |
| TCAs | Tricyclic Antidepressants |
| MAOIs | Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
| Epilepsy: | is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain |
| Absence Seizures: | are a type of generalized seizure characterized by brief episodes of staring or loss of awareness, typically lasting only a few seconds. |
| Tonic-Clonic Seizures: | also known as grand mal seizures, are a type of generalized seizure that involves two phases: the tonic phase, where the body stiffens and muscles contract, and the clonic phase, characterized by rhythmic shaking or jerking movements. |
| Tonic | stiffening of limbs |
| Clonic | limbs and face begin to jerk |
| Status epilepticus seizures: | are continuous tonic-clonic seizures that last longer than five minutes or recur before the end of the postictal period of the previous seizure |
| Partial Seizures: | also known as focal seizures, originate in a specific area of the brain and can be classified into two types: simple partial seizures and complex partial seizures. |
| carbamazepine (Tegretol) | First drug of choice for Partial Seizures |
| lamotrigine (Lamictal) | First drug of choice for Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
| ethosuximide (Zarontin) | First drug of choice for Absence Seizures |
| diazepam (Valium) | First drug of choice for Status epilepticus |
| Stevens-Johnson syndrome: | is a severe, potentially life-threatening skin condition characterized by widespread skin rash, blistering, and mucous membrane involvement. |
| Stomatitis | inflammation of the mucous membranes in the mouth, which can cause symptoms like soreness, swelling, and ulcers. |
| Erythema multiforme | a skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance or red, target-like lesions of spots on the skin, often triggered by infections, medications, or other factors |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | a chronic pain condition characterized by sudden, severe facial pain along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. |
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