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chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | worker wages slashed by rail lines. workers struck from Baltimore to St. Louis, shutting down railroad traffic - the nations economic lifeblood - across the country |
| economic change | rise of massive corporations thru new technologies such as railroads and steel. Mass production (Taylorism), assembly lines. Increased wealth disparity and harsh working conditions. |
| Taylorism, mass production, and economies of scale | Taylorism: scientific organization of production, by Fredrick Taylor. Caused scale and scope of manufacturing and allowed for mass production |
| the corporation | used new state incorporation laws passed during market revolution of early 19th century. became legal mechanism for any enterprise to marshal vast amounts of capital while limiting liability of shareholders. |
| great merger movement | between 1995 and 1904. competition melted away. in 9 years, 4,000 companies (almost 20% of American economy) folded into rival firms. Arrival of monopoly. |
| the Robber Barons | financial and industrial titans. included Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroad operator), J.D Rockefeller (oilman), Andrew Carnegie (steel magnate), J.P Morgan (banker). Won fortunes that are among largest nation has ever seen. |
| Social Darwinism | theory that all species and societies were governed by a relentless competitive struggle for survival. the inequality of outcomes was to be encouraged and celebrated. |
| Industrial working conditions | long hours, dangerous, difficult to support family due to meager and unpredictable wages. skills mattered less and less and strengths as individuals downplayed by powerful managers. |
| unionization | workers organizing into groups (unions) to collectively bargain for better wages, hours, and conditions against powerful industrial capitalists. |
| The Knights of Labor | efforts to unite skilled+unskilled workers. welcomed all laborers, including women. Envisioned cooperative producer-centered society that rewarded labor, not capital. Focused on practical gains that won thru organization of workers to local unions. |
| The Haymarket affair | occurred during a period of intense labor struggle. linked to fight for 8hr day. Meeting in Haymarket square to protest police brutality against striking workers turned violent when someone threw bomb, and police gunfire. |
| the American federation of labor | conservative alternative to the vision of the knights of labor, conservative approach that tried to avoid strikes. |
| The Homestead strike | Carnegie steel's management sought to break union by implementing major wage cuts, locking out workers, and built fence. led to armed clashes with involvement of penns. state militia. |
| The Pullman strike | Pullman cut wages by 25% due to depressions but kept rents in company town the same. American railway union launched strike. refused to handle any pullman cars. crippled railroads nationwide. |
| the farmers alliance | farmers faced economic hardship, so formed local cooperatives for shared machinery, pooled resources, and better marketing, aiming to bypass middlemen. eventually evolved into the populist party (people's party) to push for national reforms. |
| the people's party (the populists) | challenged industrial capitalism w/ radical reforms like gov. regulation of railroads, graduated income tax, etc. Aimed to empower common people against monopolistic big businesses thru stronger federal gov. |
| The Omaha platform | proposed an unprecedented expansion of federal power. Advocated nationalizing railroad and telegraph systems, etc. |
| William Jennings Bryan | "Cross of gold" speech allied him w/ populists. skilled orator, Nebraska congressman, 3x presidential candidate, US sec. of state under Woodrow Wilson, lawyer who supported prohibition and opposed Darwinism |
| Free Silver | populist and democratic push for unlimited coinage of silver to expand money supply, causing inflation to help indebted farmers and workers by making loans easier to repay. contrasted w/ Republicans' gold standard. |
| Eugene Debs | American socialist leader. 5x presidential candidate. championed workers rights, co-funding industrial workers of the world and the socialist party of America. powerful; voice against capitalism after his imprisonment during 1894 Pullman strike. |
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