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AP COMP UNIT 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Causation | The cause and effect relationship between two variables where changes in one variable directly result in another variable. |
| Corruption Perceptions Index | This measures the perceived levels of public sector corruption in different countries. It ranks countries based on how corrupt their public sectors are perceived to be. |
| Correlation | It refers to a statistical relationship between two variables where changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable. However, it does not imply causation. |
| Dependent Variables | Variable in an experiment that is being measured or observed |
| Empirical Data | It refers to information that is based on observation, experience, or evidence. |
| Failed State Index | It ranks countries based on indicator such as security threats, economic decline, human rights violations, and social rest. |
| Freedom House Ratings | They are assessments of political rights and civil liberties in countries around the world. They provide a numerical score that indicates the level of freedom within a country. |
| Gini Index | It is used to measure income inequality within a society. It calculates the distribution of wealth or income among the population, with higher values indicating greater inequality. |
| GDP | It is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific board. |
| Human Development Index | It is the indicator that measures the overall development level of countries based on factors such as life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita. |
| Independent Variable | It is the variable in an experiment that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. |
| Normative Data | It refers to the information that describes what should be or what is considered ideal according to societal norms or standard. |
| Qualitative Analysis | It refers to the process of examining and interpreting non-numerical data in order to gain insights and understand patterns or themes. |
| Quantitative Analysis | It refers to the systematic examination of numerical data using mathematical and statistical methods. |
| Authoritarian | Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group, and citizens have limited political freedoms and rights. |
| Democracy | It is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representative. |
| Federal System | It is a form of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional or state governments. |
| Governemnt | Group of people that have the authority to make and enforce laws |
| Nation | A large group of people that have the authority to make and enforce laws and decisions for a country or community. |
| Political System | It refer to the structures and processes through which a society makes collective decisions. |
| Regime | It is the set of rules, institutions, practices, and norms that determine how power is exercised within a country. |
| States | They are independent political entities with defined territories, permanent populations, recognized sovereignty by other states. |
| Theocracy | It is a form of government where religious leaders hold both political power and authority. Laws are based on religious principles, and religious texts often serve as the foundation for governance. |
| Unitary Systems | A system of government where all powers are held by a central authority or national government. |
| Constitutional Limitations | It refer to the restrictions placed on government power by a country's constitution. |
| Direct Democracies | They are political systems where citizens participate directly in decision-making. |
| Federal Democracies | They are systems of government where power is divided between central authorities and regional or state governments. |
| Free and Fair Elections | They refer to a democratic process where all eligible citizens have the right to vote without coercion or manipulation, and where the electoral system is transparent and impartial. |
| Hybrid Regime | It refer to a political system that displays characteristics of both democratic and authoritarian regimes. |
| Impeachment | It is the process through which a high-ranking government official, such as president or prime minister, is charged with wrongdoing and potentially removed from office |
| Illiberal Democracy | It refers to a form of government where elections take place but there are significant restrictions on individual rights. |
| Independent Judiciary | It refer to the branch of government that is controlled by military officials who have seized power through force. |
| Military Regime | Type of government that is controlled by the military officials who have seized power through force. |
| One-Party System | It is a political system where only one political party is legally allowed to exist and hold power. |
| Parliamentary Democracy | It is a form of government where the executive branch is accountable to the legislative branch, and the head of state is separated from the head of government |
| Political Regimes | It refer to the different systems of government that exist in a country, which determine how power is distributed and exercised. |
| Political Accountability | It refer to the responsibility that elected officials have towards their constituents and the public at large. |
| Presidential Democracy | It is a form of government where the executive branch, headed by a president, is seperate from the legislative branch. |
| Recall Mechanisms | It refer to the procedures and processes that allow citizens to remove an elected official from office before their term is completed. |
| Referendums | They are direct votes in which the entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal or decision. |
| Representative Democracy | It is a system of government where citizens elect representatives who make decisions on their behalf |
| Rule of Law | It refers to the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable to the law. |
| Single Political Party Rule | It refers to a system of government where only one political party is legally allowed to hold the power and govern the country |
| Spectrum of Authoritarian and Democratic Regimes | It represents the range of different types of governments that exist between fully authoritarian and fully democratic systems. |
| Totalitarian Government | It is a system where one ruler or political party has complete control over all aspects. |
| Transparency in Decision Making | It refers to the practice of making information, processes, and decisions accessible and visibile to the public. |
| Political Opposition Limits | It refer to the restriction placed on individuals or groups who oppose the ruling government. |
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