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BIO104-Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory System Functions | - delivery of oxygen to tissue + cells - regulates blood pH - allows for vocal sounds and smell |
| types of respiration | - external - ventilation, meaning you intake air - internal - transport of gasses |
| upper vs. lower respiratory tract | - upper - nose, nasal cavity, sinuses - lower- trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| nasal cavity | - hard palate, soft palate, sinuses, there are four: maxillary, frontal, ethroid, sphenoid |
| oral cavity | - air is: warmed, humidified, and filtered |
| pharynx | - where nasal and oral cavities meet --nasopharynx --oropharynx --laryngopharynx |
| larynx | - vocal chords -- false - don't make sound -- true - do make sound -- glottis - opening of true vocal chords -- cartilage ----thyroid ----cricoid ----epiglotic |
| epiglottis | blocks things from entering trachea |
| trachea | - rings of cartilage that protect it - cilia prevent things from going into lungs - carina - where it splits into each lung |
| bronchial tree (1 of 3) | - BRONCHUS - large, they break off trachea and enter lungs ---main - first branches of bronchiole tree ---lobar - branches of main bronchi ---segmental - |
| bronchial tree (2 of 3) | - BRONCHIOLES --- terminal - no alveoli --- respiratory - has alveoli, is where gas exchange happens |
| bronchial tree (3 of 3) | - ALVEOLI --- air sacs --- where gas exchange occurs via diffusion --- surrounded by capillaries --- simple squamous epithelial --- protected by surfactant, which prevents alveoli from collapsing |
| hilum, re: lung structure | area where blood vessels + bronchi enter the lungs |
| pleura, re: lung structure | double layered serous membrane - visceral - inner layer - parietal - outer layer - pleural cavity -- between layers, decreases friction with lubricant |
| differences between left and right lungs | - left has two lobes and is smaller due to heart - right has three lobes |
| diaphragm | - domed muscle - based on atmospheric pressure - contracts to inspire, relaxes to expire |
| Tidal Volume (TV) | - Amount of air in+out in a regular breath, average volume is 500 mL |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | - maximum inhale, average volume about 3000 mL |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | - maximum volume of exhaling, about 1100 mL |
| Residual Volume (RV) | - what keeps some air in lungs to prevent collapse, about 1200 mL |
| Vital capacity (VC) | - greatest expulsion of air = TV + IRV + ERV, about 4000 mL |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | TV + RV, avg is about 2300 mL |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | ERV + RV, average is about 2300 mL |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | amount of air lungs can hold at max, VC+RC, average is about 5800 mL |
| Non-respiratory air movements | - coughing, sneezing, yawnings, hiccups |
| respiratory rate control | - you can control by choice to an extent, but specific rate control occurs in the brain (pons, medula oblongata, midbrain) |
| factors impacting breathing | - central chemoreceptors - look to keep CO2 or H+ levels on track - peripheral chemoreceptors - work with blood oxygen levels |
| other impacts on breathing | - inflation reflex - prevents over inflation - emotions - impact respiratory rate - hyperventilation - levels out oxygen |
| Partial pressure (oxygen transport | - oxyhemoglobin - over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin in red cells, producing oxyhemoglobin |
| partial pressure (carbon dioxide transport) | - 70% of carbon dioxide binds to water and makes hydrogen ions and bicarbonate |
| Asthma | inflammation and tightening of the airways |
| emphysema | air sacs/alveoli are damaged, air goes into lung tissue, which is not good |
| bronchitis | inflammation of mucous membrane |
| COPD | chronic bronchitis and emphysema CAUSE COPD |
| HAPE | high altitude pulmonary edema - swelling - severe altitude sickness - fluid builds up in lungs - hypoxia - lack of oxygen |
| pneumonia | - can be viral (antibiotics will not be effective) or bacterial (antibiotics will be effective) |
| tuberculosis | - very contagious, bacterial infection, starts in lungs and can move if not treated, brain, kidneys, etc |
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