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Pharmacology
Nervous, Respiratory, Urinary, Cardiovascular, & GI Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central nervous system | includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | This system is divided into two major parts: the somatic nervous system (also known as the voluntary nervous system) and the autonomic nervous system (also known as the involuntary nervous system). |
| neuron | a cell that has various fibers leading into it and away from it. |
| dendrites | The fibers carrying information away from each neuron |
| axons | The fibers carrying information away from each neuron |
| Somatic nervous system | This system involves the nerves connecting the central nervous system (brain) to the skeletal muscles. |
| Tiletamine and zolazepam | |
| Parasympathetic system | This system is involved with energy-conserving processes. Also known as the cholinergic system, its main neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. Its main receptors are nicotinic and muscarinic |
| Cholinergic agents | These agents stimulate the receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine and are called parasympathomimetic agents because they simulate the actions of parasympathetic nerves. |
| Direct-acting agents | are similar to acetylcholine and attach to the acetylcholine receptor |
| Indirect-acting agents | inhibit the breakdown or removal of natural acetylcholine from the acetylcholine receptors. |
| bradycardia | abnormally slow heartbeat |
| Cholinergic blocking agents | These are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors (these act on muscles) |
| Tachycardia | faster-than-normal heartbeat |
| Photophobia | abnormal sensitivity to light |
| Adrenergic (sympathomimetic) agents. | These agents act at sites mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine. The drugs may be either catecholamine or noncatecholamine mediated. Both categories are broken into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 receptor types. |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| bronchoconstriction | narrowing of the bronchial passages |
| anaphylactic shock | a severe reaction, often deadly, to a toxin, enzyme, or protein introduced into the animal’s body |
| congestive heart failure | when the heart can’t pump enough blood to enable organs to function |
| vasoconstriction | narrowing of blood vessels |
| capillary bleeding | bleeding of the body’s smallest blood vessels |
| urinary incontinence | inability to hold urine |
| aqueous humor | fluid in the inner eye |
| Dilation | opening |
| bronchioles | tubes leading into the lungs |
| vasopressor | raises blood pressure |
| analgesic | pain-relieving |
| sedative | sleep causing |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | irregular heartbeats |
| Adrenergic blocking agents | These agents interfere with the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. These drugs block at the alpha-receptors, the beta-receptors, or at the ganglionic sites (where masses of nerve cells are) |
| ganglionic sites | where masses of nerve cells are |
| Beta-blockers | These drugs are used to treat glaucoma, arrhythmias of the heart, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| cardiac depression | when the heart slows |
| cardiac arrest | when the heart stops |
| Euthanasia drugs | are used to bring about quick and painless death to an animal in a hopeless medical situation |
| Tranquilizers | These drugs are compounds used to calm or quiet a patient |
| hypothermia | abnormally low body temperature |
| seizures | nervous system disturbances causing loss of consciousness and bodily tremors or convulsions |
| epileptic animals | animals that have a disorder that causes frequent seizures |
| Barbiturates | These drugs are metabolized by the liver and are potent depressors of the respiratory system, sometimes causing apnea after rapid infusion |
| apnea | lack of spontaneous breathing |
| infusion | putting a liquid into a vein |
| ventilate | help a patient breathe |
| sight hounds | animals that hunt by sight, such as greyhounds |
| Long-acting barbiturates | last 8 to 12 hours and include phenobarbital, which is used to help control epileptic seizures and can be given orally |
| Short-acting barbiturates | last 45 to 90 minutes |
| Ultrashort-acting barbiturates | last 5 to 30 minutes |
| alkaline | nonacidic |
| necrosis | tissue death |
| slough | shed or fall off |
| catalepsy | involuntary muscle rigidity |
| spasticity | rigidity and rapid uncontrolled movements |
| Ketamine | is a dissociative agent that has unfortunately been abused by human users. The street name of this drug is Special K |
| ophthalmic | eye |
| mimic the action of natural acetylcholine by directly stimulating cholinergic receptors | Cholinergic agonists |
| Opioids | These drugs consist of any compound derived from opium poppy alkaloids or any of the synthetic drugs with similar properties |
| seizure log | a written record of known seizures that includes frequency, intensity, and duration of seizures. |
| polyuria | abnormally large production of urine |
| polydipsia | acute thirst |
| hepatotoxicity | liver damage due to toxins |
| Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Nizatidine are all types of drugs to treat | ulcers |
| hyperventilation | rapid but shallow and ineffective breathing |
| Behavioral pharmacotherapy | The use of drugs to treat various behavioral problems, such as separation anxiety, phobias (fears), compulsive disorders, or cognitive dysfunction syndrome, is receiving intense attention |
| Antianxiety medications | help relieve anxiety in animals. Benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, lorazepam) are most commonly used in veterinary medicine because they’re inexpensive and effective |
| ataxia | inability to coordinate movements |
| Antidepressant medications | These are used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of medical conditions, by blocking reuptake (reuse) of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain |
| reuptake | reuse |
| Tricyclic | having three rings in the chemical’s molecular structure |
| lick granulomas | infected masses on the animal’s skin or reproductive organs made worse by repeated licking by the animal |
| mydriasis | overstretching of the eye’s pupil |
| Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors | These drugs increase the amount of serotonin in the brain by preventing serotonin removal |
| What system initially helps with heart failure, but in the long term leads to increased workloads for the heart through water and sodium retention? | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| Synthetic progestins | These are used to treat behavioral problems associated with changing hormonal levels. They’re used in animals for aggression between males, spraying or marking problems, and dominance aggression |
| endometritis | inflammation of the inner wall of the uterus |
| mammary hypertro-phy | overdevelopment of the milk glands |
| adrenalhypertrophy | overdevelopment of the adrenal glands |
| ganglionic synapse | The synapse between the preganglionic neuron and the postganglionic neuron |
| Acetylcholine | is seldom used clinically because it is broken down so rapidly by acetylcholinesterase |
| Carbamylcholine | This product has been used to treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine |
| Bethanechol | is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony |
| Pilocarpine | reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma and is used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca |
| Metoclopramide | is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying |
| Edrophonium | Edrophonium is primarily used in the presumptive diagnosis of myasthenia gravis |
| Neostigmine (Prostigmine) | These products are used to treat urine retention and GI atony and are used as an antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents |
| Physostigmine (Antilirium) | Uses of this product are similar to those of neostigmine |
| Organophosphate compounds | These are commonly used as insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriately. See pralidoxime under Dosage Forms for Cholinergic Blocking Agents later in this chapter. |
| Demecarium (Humorsol) | This drug is used in the preventive management of glaucoma |
| Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) | This drug is used for the treatment of myasthenia gravis |
| Atropine | a preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia; to counteract organophosphate poisoning; to dilate the pupils for ophthalmic examination; to control ciliary spasms of the eye; to treat sinus bradycardia; and to slow a hypermotile gut. |
| Methscopolamine | an ingredient of Biosol-M, is used to control diarrhea. |
| Glycopyrrolate | a quaternary ammonium compound with actions similar to atropine. It provides longer duration of action than atropine and is used primarily as a preanesthetic |
| Aminopentamide | used to control vomiting and diarrhea in dogs and cats |
| Propantheline | used to treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia and to reduce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal examination. Propantheline, similar to glycopyrrolate, is a quaternary ammonium compound |
| Pralidoxime (Protopam, 2-PAM) | a cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication. |
| Epinephrine | stimulates all receptors to cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output, constriction of the blood vessels in the skin, dilation of the blood vessels in muscle, dilation of the bronchioles, and an increase in metabolic rate. |
| Norepinephrine | mostly an alpha stimulator with some beta stimulation. Its primary influence is that of a vasopressor (to raise blood pressure). |
| Isoproterenol (Isuprel) | a pure beta stimulator. Its primary use is for bronchodilation |
| Phenylephrine | an alpha stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstrictor. It also increases blood pressure. |
| Dopamine | a precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Its action is dose dependent. It is used to treat shock and congestive heart failure and to increase renal perfusion. It increases blood pressure and cardiac output. |
| Phenylpropanolamine | used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs. It is also used as a decongestant and bronchodilator. |
| Dobutamine | a beta-1 agonist that is used for short-term treatment of heart failure |
| Albuterol | a beta agonist and the main use is bronchodilation |
| Phenoxybenzamine | a hypotensive (vasodilator) agent |
| Acepromazine | This tranquilizer acts as an alpha blocker and causes vasodilation. It is used as a sedative, tranquilizer, and preanesthetic adjunct. |
| Prazosin | a hypotensive agent. It is also used to treat urethral spasms in cats and dogs secondary to urethral obstruction |
| Yohimbine (Yobine) | used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity |
| Atipamezole | a reversal agent for dexmedetomidine |
| Propranolol | used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It decreases the heart rate, decreases blood pressure, and decreases cardiac output |
| Timolol: | an ophthalmic preparation used to treat glaucoma |
| Atenolol | Used in a similar way to propranolol |
| Tranquilizers | decrease anxiety without causing excessive sedation or drowsiness; animals are usually aware of their surroundings but do not appear to care. do not provide analgesia. |
| Sedatives | are used to suppress brain activity and awareness to prevent movement for some short medical procedures; animals are usually unaware of their surroundings and are drowsy. offer some analgesia |
| Mu | found in pain-regulating areas of the brain; contribute to analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, physical dependence, and hypothermic actions |
| Kappa | found in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord; contribute to analgesia, sedation, depression, and miosis |
| Sigma | may be responsible for struggling, whining, hallucinations, and mydriatic effects |
| Delta | modify mu receptor activity; contribute to analgesia |
| Opium (laudanum—10% opium), paregoric | Paregoric, also called camphorated tincture of opium, has been used for longer than 100 years for the treatment of diarrhea. It has been used in veterinary medicine for treating diarrhea, primarily in calves and foals. |
| Morphine sulfate (Duramorph) | opium derivative used to treat severe pain. it is used as a preanesthetic or anesthetic agent (e.g., cesarean section in dogs). It is also used to relieve anxiety associated with acute congestive heart failure. |
| Meperidine (Demerol) | a mu agonist that is approximately one-eighth as potent an analgesic as morphine. It is used for relief of acute pain, such as that occurring after orthopedic procedures. It also may be combined with a tranquilizer for use as an anesthetic agent. |
| Oxymorphone (Numorphan and Opana) | a semisynthetic opioid that is a mu agonist. This drug is used primarily in dogs for restraint, for diagnostic procedures, and for minor surgical procedures. It may be combined with tranquilizers to produce neuroleptanalgesia; naloxone is the antagonist. |
| Butorphanol tartrate (Torbutrol, Torbugesic) | It is a Class IV controlled substance. It is also used in dogs and cats as an analgesic and preanesthetic. Torbugesic is approved for the treatment of pain associated with colic in horses. |
| Fentanyl (Recuvrya, Sublimaze, and Duragesic-human labels) | an opioid agonist that has approximately 100 times the analgesic properties of morphine. Fentanyl is a Class II controlled substance. Fentanyl transdermal patches are sometimes used in animals to control chronic pain. |
| Hydrocodone bitartrate (Hycodan, Tussigon) | an opioid agonist that is used as an antitussive agent in dogs. It is a Class III controlled substance. |
| Etorphine | It is restricted to use by veterinarians in zoo or exotic animal practice. It is lethal to people who accidentally inject themselves (it also can be absorbed through intact skin) if the antagonist (diprenorphine) is not administered immediately. |
| Pentazocine (Talwin) | a partial opioid agonist that is approved for pain relief in horses and dogs. It is a Class IV controlled substance. |
| Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) | a synthetic opioid agonist that is combined with atropine for use as an antidiarrheal agent. This drug is a Class V controlled substance. |
| Apomorphine (Apokyn-human label and generic products) | a dopamine agonist derived from morphine with the principal effect of inducing vomiting by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. This drug is often administered by placing a portion of a tablet in the conjunctival sac for absorption. |
| Methadone (Dolophine) | a synthetic opioid that was developed as a treatment for morphine and heroin addiction in humans. Its primary use in veterinary medicine is in the treatment of colic pain in horses. Methadone is a Class II controlled substance. |
| Codeine | an opioid that is available in human label products for use as an antitussive in dogs. is a Class II agent when used alone but a Class III or Class V when used in combination products. |
| Carfentanil (Wildnil) | used to induce wildlife anesthesia. It has 10,000 times the potency of morphine and is a Class II agent that should be used with care to avoid accidental exposure to the users. |
| Buprenorphine (Buprenex) | a human label, partial mu agonist–antagonist. It is a potent analgesic that is used in several small animal species with especially good results in the cat. Buprenorphine has a longer duration of action than butorphanol. a Class III controlled substance. |
| Buprenorphine (Simbadol) | Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for subcutaneous injection once daily, for up to 3 days in cats. It provides 24 hours of continuous pain control; indicated for the control of postoperative pain associated with surgical procedures in cats |
| Naloxone (Naloxone HCl injection, Narcan) | pure opioid antagonist that is chemically similar to oxymorphone, with high affinity for mu receptors. It has no agonist activity. It is commonly used to reverse the CNS and respiratory depression caused by administration of opioid drugs. |
| Nalorphine (Nalline) | a partial antagonist that may produce unpleasant analgesic and respiratory depressant effects. |
| Butorphanol | a mu antagonist used primarily as a sedative or analgesic. It is rarely used as an antagonist. |
| Neuroleptanalgesics | are used for sedation, restraint, and anesthesia. They are commonly used in patients undergoing short procedures including wound suturing, porcupine quill removal, and radiographs. |
| Diazepam (Valium) | tranquilizer with potent antiseizure properties. It is administered intravenously and has a 3- to 4-hour duration of action. |
| Pentobarbital | short-acting barbiturate that is effective for controlling seizures. It is administered intravenously and has a 1- to 3-hour duration. |
| Phenobarbital | effective antiseizure drug. The oral route is the usual means of administering this drug to dogs and cats. The injectable form is used in horses (foals) by some clinicians. Class IV controlled substance. |
| Primidone (Mylepsin and Neurosyn) | It is administered orally to dogs and cats, although its use in cats is controversial. Adverse side effects may include agitation, anxiety, polyuria, polydipsia, and dermatitis. |
| Bromide | old anticonvulsant that has sparked renewed interest, mainly as an adjunct to phenobarbital or primidone therapy. |
| Gabapentin (Neurontin) | used as an adjunctive treatment of seizures that are difficult to control, as well as for partial complex seizures or pain control. |
| Levetiracetam (Kappra) | May be useful as an adjunct for refractory canine epilepsy. |
| vapor pressure | an agent indicates how volatile it is and the maximum concentration that can be achieved |
| Precision vaporizers | are located out of the circuit and are designed for use with only one specific anesthetic agent |
| Isoflurane | colorless liquid with a pungent odor. stable and does not require a preservative. halogenated ether, it is one of the least soluble of the inhalant agents. less potent than halothane and methoxyflurane but has very rapid induction and recovery times. |
| Sevoflurane (SevoFlo) | halogenated ether with little odor, which makes it a good choice for mask induction. characterized by very rapid induction and recovery times. often used in high-risk, small-animal patients because of its safety and rapid, smooth induction. |
| Halothane | a halogenated hydrocarbon that was first used clinically in human anesthesia in 1956. decomposes when exposed to ultraviolet light and for this reason has thymol added as an antioxidant. |
| Methoxyflurane | used since 1959. It is a methyl-ethyl-ether that is highly soluble in blood and other tissues. It consequently has a very slow induction and recovery time. It has a relatively low vapor pressure, making 3% the maximum level that can be vaporized. |
| Nitrous oxide | a colorless inorganic gas. It was discovered to have anesthetic properties in the late 1700s. Nitrous oxide may be used as an adjunct to more potent agents during mask induction to speed the induction of anesthesia. |
| Expectorants | These drugs cause thick mucus secretions to become thinner. Thinner secretions are more easily expelled from the body by coughing or sneezing. These drugs are given orally and are best used with productive coughs. |
| Mucolytics | These drugs cause chemical breakdown of mucus and are used to help unclog very thick secretions. Acetylcysteine is the most commonly used drug for this purpose and must be nebulized to be administered. |
| An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is called | GABA |
| Bronchodilators | These drugs help open airways. There are various ways of accomplishing this. Cholinergic blockers produce bronchodilation by combining with acetylcholine receptors on smooth muscle, blocking their contractions. |
| Decongestants | These drugs reduce congestion by reducing the associated swelling, can be given orally or by nasal drops, and are used sometimes to treat upper respiratory problems in cats. They’re of limited use in veterinary medicine. |
| Aerosolization (nebulization) | allows their delivery at high concentrations directly into the airways while minimizing their blood levels—a feature that may reduce the chance of a toxic reaction. |
| Decongestants | drugs that reduce the congestion of nasal membranes by reducing associated swelling. |
| Preload | is the measure of the amount of fluid being forced into the heart from the body. |
| Afterload | is the measure of how much pressure the heart must work against in order to pump blood to the body |
| Stroke volume | is the amount of blood moved with each contraction of the heart and is determined in part by preload and afterload. |
| Chronotropic | affect the heart rate |
| Inotropic | affect the strength of heart contractions |
| Systole | the period of contraction of the chambers |
| diastole | represents the relaxation phase when the chambers are filling with blood. |
| Depolarization | is characterized by the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell through channels or “gates,” the slower influx of calcium ions, and the outflow of potassium ions |
| cardiac output | The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping per minute |
| stroke volume | is determined in part by the amount of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole |
| Valvular disease | alvular insufficiency, a backflow or leakage of blood backward through the valve, is a relatively common acquired heart disorder of dogs. If the tricuspid valve is affected, ascites may occur. If the mitral valve is involved, pulmonary edema may result. |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | If a focus of cardiac tissue depolarizes out of sequence with the sinoatrial node, an arrhythmia may result. |
| tachyarrhythmias | arrhythmias with a rapid rate |
| bradyarrhythmias | arrhythmias with a slow rate |
| Myocardial disease | It may be classified as congestive (the myocardium becomes thin and ineffective in its pumping action) or hypertrophic (the myocardium becomes thickened and restricts ventricular filling). |
| Monogastric animals | those that have a stomach with one compartment), such as dogs and cats, digest their food in the following way |
| starches | nutritious complex carbohydrates |
| bile | a fluid produced by the liver |
| pancreatic enzymes | produced by the pancreas |
| colon | the lowest part of the large intestine |
| Ruminants | animals that chew the cud [food brought back into the mouth from the stomach]) have a similar gastrointestinal system to monogastric animals, but a ruminant’s stomach has four chambers to help digest plant material. |
| cud | partially digested food |
| crop | Food is stored in a pouch on the esophagus |
| proventriculus | stomach |
| ventriculus | gizzard |
| chyme | Once food enters an animal’s small intestine |
| peristaltic waves | contractions |
| segmentation | division into small sections |
| villi | small fingerlike projections |
| hind-gut fermenters | a part of the colon in rabbits and horses |
| mass-action contraction | which moves the waste matter out of the body). This is also called defecation or bowel movement |
| gastric emptying | when the small intestine fills with undigested food [can cause nausea or diarrhea |
| motility | movement |
| secretions | release of fluid |
| sphincters | muscles that open and close bodily openings |
| Vomiting | the forceful ejection of contents of the stomach (and sometimes part of the intestines) through the mouth |
| emetic center | vomiting center |
| medulla | a central part of the brain stem |
| uremia and ketonemia | blood abnormalities |
| endotoxemia | sickness caused by internal toxins |
| Emetics | drugs used to cause vomiting |
| pharyngeal | swallowing |
| dyspneic | having difficulty breathing |
| Antiemetics | drugs used to help control vomiting |
| ataxia | inability to coordinate movements |
| hypotension | dangerously low blood pressure |
| half-life | period of effective use |
| perforation | tear |
| Gastric ulcers | erosions in the stomach lining |
| Melena | dark, tarry stools in their bowel movements |
| Gastric reflux | when gastric liquids flood back into the esophagus. In humans, gastric reflux is called heartburn |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | such as omeprazole or lansoprazole, work well for treating ulcers (gastric or duodenal) and esophagitis |
| Ileus | bowel obstruction |
| Antacids | such as Maalox, Basaljel, or Amphojel, contain aluminum, calcium, or magnesium salts. bind directly with acid in the stomach and neutralize it locally, but don’t decrease the production of new acid |
| rumen acidosis | sudden increase in lactic acid buildup |
| laxatives | are used to loosen the bowel contents and encourage their expulsion from the body. |
| hyperphosphatemia | excessive amounts of phosphates in the blood |
| Duodenal | part of the small intestine |
| Diarrhea | the passage of loose or liquid stools |
| Osmotic overload | too much movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane |
| float | using a centrifuge machine to separate the parts of fecal matter |
| direct | smearing feces on a slide and examining it under a microscope |
| hypomotility | less-than-normal movement |
| hypermotility | greater-than-normal movement |
| Adsorbents | bind with bacteria or toxins to protect against their harmful effects. |
| Cathartics or purgatives | laxatives with a strong effect |
| Saline or hyperosmotic laxatives | have magnesium or phosphate that’s poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract |
| Bulk-producing agents | such as Metamucil, bran, or psyllium, absorb water and swell to increase the bulk of the intestinal contents, stimulating peristalsis |
| peristalsis | contractions that force the contents out |
| enteroliths | growths around small objects trapped in the intestines |
| colic | pain in the abdomen |
| petrolatum | petroleum jelly |
| Surfactants | such as docusate, reduce water surface tension, which allows water to penetrate into and soften the contents of the gastrointestinal tract |
| enema | liquid injection into the anus |
| Irritants | work by irritating the intestine, causing contraction to remove the irritating agent |
| GI prokinetics/stimulants | increase the motility of part of the gastrointestinal system to increase the speed of materials through the tract |
| Dopaminergic antagonists | such as metoclopramide, stimulate motility of the gastroesophageal sphincter, the stomach, and the small intestine |
| Serotonergic drugs | such as cisapride, stimulate motility of the proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to colon |
| stasis | lack of movement |
| proximal | close to the center of the body |
| distal | away from the center of the body |
| compounding pharmacies | pharmacies that take drugs designed for humans and formulate dosages and strengths that are proper for the animal patient |
| Motilin-like drugs | such as erythromycin, work by mimicking the effects of motilin and stimulating the motility of the stomach and small intestine. |
| Direct cholinergics | such as dexpanthenol, are used in horses after surgery to prevent ileus |
| Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors | such as neostigmine and ranitidine, increase the amount of acetylcholine available for smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal system |
| lacrimation | excessive tears |
| sepsis | systemic bacterial infections |
| pathogens | agents |
| Neutropenia | low levels of neutrophils, a white blood cell |
| Hepatotoxicity | liver damage |
| Antifoaming agents | such as bloat guard, are used in ruminants to prevent gas bloating |
| surfactants | that change the surface tension of the bubbles and cause them to break down so they can be expelled through a stomach tube, which relieves the bloat. When given as directed, these agents have minimal side effects |
| Mitral valve endocardiosis | a disease where bacteria attach to heart valve leaflets |
| gingival | gum |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Controls involuntary, unconscious bodily activity and responses |
| Dissociative Agent | An anesthetic characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia, and amnesia (but loss of consciousness may not occur) |
| Neuroleptanalgesic | A combination of a narcotic analgesic and tranquilizer (neuroleptic) that provides strong analgesic and tranquilizing effects |
| Expectorant | A drug that loosens mucus to facilitate its expulsion from the respiratory tract |
| Monoamine Oxidase | An enzyme that degrades dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine |
| Antitussive | A cough-suppressing drug |
| Methylxanthines | Bronchodilators that work by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzyme |
| Erythropoietin | A hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors | Used to prevent urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians due to a defect in uric acid metabolism |
| Stroke Volume | The volume of blood that's pumped by the heart's left ventricle in a single contraction |
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | Controls blood pressure and sodium homeostasis |
| Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone | A zone in the medulla of the brainstem that can induce vomiting when stimulated |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood |
| As pet caregivers become more aware of the importance of animal dental care, more products with a variety of methods to improve dental health are available. Which of the following methods help reduce or prevent calculus buildup on teeth? | Dry kibble |
| The dissolution and prevention of struvite uroliths in the urine can be facilitated with what change in urine quality? | Increased acidification |
| What value is a measure of inhalant anesthetic potency? | MAC |
| As part of a workup to assess the cause of colic in a horse, the veterinarian first plans to administer the horse an anticholinergic quaternary ammonia compound to reduce peristalsis. Which of the following is used for this purpose? | Propantheline |
| A six-year-old Shih Tzu will begin treatment to prevent seizures that have been occurring for several months. Choose the commonly prescribed drug in tablet form that can be used alone for seizure prevention. | Phenobarbital |
| A cat with pleural effusion was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. What angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor can be used to treat cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | Enalapril |
| Xylazine is a common anesthetic used in dogs that can cause vomiting. What's the autonomic nervous system mechanism of the antidote for xylazine overdose? | Alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
| A compound used in horses to prolong anesthesia but that has expectorant effects is | guaifenesin |
| What's a behavioral pharmacologic agent used to control anxiety and urine spraying that doesn't possess anticonvulsant or sedative effects? | Buspirone |
| Nebulized mucolytics are often used in veterinary medicine to reduce the thickness of respiratory secretions. Which mucolytic is used most often for this purpose, while also usable as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity? | Acetylcysteine |
| What are two primary goals of dietary management of heart disease in animals? | Dietary sodium restriction and weight control |
| A six-month-old dog has had diarrhea for two days and shows signs of mild dehydration. The dog was prescribed the narcotic diphenoxylate. What's a possible adverse effect that can occur with this antidiarrheal agent? | Constipation |
| After terminating orthopedic surgery in a cat, profound respiratory depression was noted and supported with the injection of a CNS stimulant. Choose the common drug used in situations such as this. | Doxapram |
| What adjunctive treatment is used to reduce the risk of thrombus formation in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? | Low-dose aspirin |
| Dormosedan Gel is a brand of detomidine given to horses by the sublingual route for analgesia and sedation. What's a possible adverse effect of this drug? | Bradycardia |
| Chlorpromazine is phenothiazine-derivative that blocks dopamine in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ). What clinical sign can be relieved with this drug? | Vomiting |
| What's a methylxanthine drug used for bronchodilation that also has cardiac stimulatory effects? | Aminophylline |
| A combination of acepromazine and morphine can be used to provide tranquilizing and strong analgesic effects to relieve surgical pain. What's the name for this type of drug combination? | Neuroleptanalgesic |
| H2 receptor antagonists promote the healing of GI ulcers by | reducing the secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric mucosal cells |
| Which of the following is a pure opioid antagonist? | Naloxone |
| Which of the following drugs is an opioid agonist/antagonist with antitussive activity? | Butorphanol |
| Which of the following is an anesthetic group recommended primarily for diagnostic procedures, restraint, and minor surgery? | Dissociative |
| Which of the following species has no gallbladder? | Equines |
| What type of drug toxicity is acetylcysteine an antidote for? | Acetaminophen |
| Atipamezole is a reversal agent for | dexmedetomidine |
| Which of the following drugs liquefies and dilutes viscid secretions of the respiratory tract? | Expectorants |
| The amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute is the | cardiac output |
| The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The _______ system works much more slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures | endocrine |
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