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AP COMP GOV Unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Economic Development | The process of improving living standards, increasing productivity, and building sustainable economic growth in a country or region. |
| Economic Freedom | The ability of individuals and businesses to engage in economic activities with minimal government restriction. |
| Economic Growth | An increase in country's total economic output and productive capacity over time. |
| Economic Liberalization | Policies that reduce government control over the economy and promote free market principles, including reduced tariffs and deregulation. |
| Environmental Pollution | The introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment. |
| Foreign Direct Investment | Investment by foreign individuals or companies in productive assets within a country, such as factories, businesses, or infrastructure. |
| Fossil Fuels | Non-renewable energy sources formed from ancient organic matter, including petroleum, natural gas, and coal. |
| Free Market Mechanisms | Economic systems that rely on supply and demand, competition, and private enterprise rather than government control to allocate resources. |
| Government Regulation | Rules and policies established by government to control economic and social activities. |
| Human Development | A measure of well-being in a country, typically including factors like health, education, and standard of living. |
| Inequality | Unequal distribution of wealth, income, or resources among members of a society. |
| Inflation | A sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time. |
| National Income | The total value of goods and services produced by a country's economy. |
| Neoliberal Economic Policies | Economic policies emphasizing the removal of government restrictions and barriers to allow market forces and private actors greater freedom. |
| Political Corruption | The abuse of public power or position by government officials for personal gain or private benefit. |
| Political Liberalization | Policies aimed at increasing political freedoms, democratic participation, and reducing state control over political institutions and civil society. |
| Privatization | The process of transferring ownership and control of state-owned industries or assets to private individuals or companies. |
| Productivity | The effectiveness of effort measured by the rate of output per unit of input in economic production. |
| Raw Materials | Unprocessed natural resources extracted or harvested for use in production, such as petroleum, natural gas, and rare-earth metals. |
| Regional Migration Patterns | Movements of population within a country between different geographic regions in response to economic or social factors. |
| Social Tensions | Conflicts or strains between different groups in society due to competing interests or inequalities. |
| Subsidies | Government financial support or assistance provided to businesses or industries to reduce their costs or encourage production. |
| Tariffs | Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries or generate government revenue. |
| Trade Imbalance | Disparities between the value of a country's export and imports, often resulting in deficits or surpluses in international trade. |
| Unemployment | The state of being without a job; the percentage of the labor force that is jobless. |
| Uneven economic development | Unequal distribution of economic growth and prosperity across different regions or areas within a country. |
| Urban Sprawl | The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural rural or undeveloped land. |
| Wealth Inequality | The unequal distribution of income and assets among members of a society, resulting in disparities between rich and poor. |
| Import Substitution Industrialization | An economic policy aimed at reducing foreign dependency by raising tariffs and encouraging domestic production of manufactured goods. |
| Domestic Policymakers | Government officials and leaders within a country who develop and implement national policies. |
| International Organizations | Formal institutions established by multiple countries to address global issues and coordinate policy, such as the IMF and World Bank. |
| Member States | Countries that have joined and participate in an international or supranational organization. |
| National Sovereignty | A country's right to self-governance and independent decision-making without external interference. |
| Privatization | The process of transferring ownership and control of state-owned industries or assets to private individuals or companies. |
| Structural Adjustment Programs | Conditions imposed by the IMF on countries receiving financial assistance, typically requiring privatization, reduced tariffs, and decreased government subsidies. |
| Subsidies | Government financial support or assistance provided to businesses or industries to reduce their costs or encourage production. |
| Supranational Organizations | Organizations with sovereign authority over member states that can enforce decisions and policies affecting national government. |
| Tariffs | Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries or generate government revenue. |
| Trade Liberalization | The reduction of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas to increase the flow of goods and services between countries. |
| Education Policies | Government regulations and programs that establish standards, access, and requirements for schooling and learning opportunities. |
| Gender Equity | Policies and practices aimed at ensuring equal rights, opportunities and treatment for people of all genders. |
| Gender Quotas | Requirements that a minimum percentage of legislative seats or party candidates must be women. |
| Health Care Policies | Government programs and regulations that govern the provision and access to medical services and health-related services for citizens. |
| Political Legitimacy | The acceptance and recognition by citizens that a government has the right to exercise authority and make binding decisions |
| Social Policies | Government programs and regulations designed to address social issues and improve citizen's welfare, including areas such as gender equity, health care, and education. |
| Social Welfare Policies | Government programs designed to provide financial assistance, services, and support to reduce poverty and improve citizen's living conditions. |
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