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psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response |
| unconditioned stimulus (US) | and event that elicits a certain predictable response, typically without previous training |
| unconditioned response (UR) | an organisms, automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | a once-neutral event that elicits a given response, after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned response (CR) | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus |
| Generalization | responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli |
| discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar, but distinct stimuli |
| extinction | The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response, when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding, increases or decreases in occurrence |
| reinforcement | stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
| primary reinforcer | stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food and water |
| Shaping | technique in which the desired behavior is “ molded” by first rewarding, any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward |
| response chain | Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next |
| aversive control | process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs |
| escape conditioning | training of a organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus |
| avoidance conditioning | training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus |
| social learning | process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others |
| cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involved mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| cognitive map | a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events |
| latent learning | alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior |
| learned helplessness | conditioned in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief thst the situation is uncontrollable |
| modeling | learning by imitating others; copying behavior |
| token economy | conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards |
| secondary reinforcer | stimulus, such as money, that becomes rewarding to through its link with a primary reinforcement |
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