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Pharmacology
General Pharmacology, Drug Administration, and Calculations
| term | Definition |
|---|---|
| indications | reasons for giving a drug to a patient |
| contraindications | Specific situations in which a drug isn't to be used because it may cause harm to the patient |
| over-the-counter (OTC) drugs | These drugs don’t require the supervision of a veterinarian and are called |
| regimen | the plan for administering the drug |
| drug regimen | A plan for drug administration that includes the specific drug, route, dosage, frequency, and duration Duration (how long the drug is to be given) |
| Pharmacokinetics | The action of the body on an administered drug or movement of the drug through the body (involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) |
| most common routes | Oral (PO) Intravenous (IV) Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SQ or SC) |
| intravenous | through the veins |
| intramuscular | injected into a muscle |
| subcutaneously | injected into the tissue just beneath the skin |
| Intradermal (ID) | injection into the skin, used for testing for allergies |
| Intraperitoneal (IP) | injection into the abdominal cavity |
| Intraarterial (IA) | injection into an artery |
| Intraarticular | injection into a joint |
| Intracardiac | injection into the heart This method is often used for euthanasia [killing the animal] and for cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR]. |
| Intramedullary | injection into the bone marrow cavity |
| Epidural/subdural | an injection into the spine or near the spine |
| Anesthetic gases | render the animal unconscious |
| antibiotics | kill small disease-carrying organisms |
| bronchodilators | open the lungs and make breathing easier |
| Transdermal (or topical) | drugs are placed on the skin. |
| concentration gradient | The difference in concentrations of drugs from one compartment of the body to another |
| Bioavailability | The degree to which a drug is absorbed into the body and available at the site of action |
| Water-soluble drugs | dissolve in the presence of water |
| Lipid-soluble drugs | absorbed by bodily fats |
| interstitial fluid | the space between organs and tissues |
| placenta | the organ that connects the growing fetus to the mother’s uterus |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | The barrier formed by capillaries that prevents certain substances from entering the brain from the blood |
| metabolism | chemical changes that release energy for the animal’s bodily processes |
| metabolite | produced by metabolism |
| Four processes of transformation | Oxidation, Reduction, Hydrolysis, Conjugation |
| Oxidation | the loss of electrons in the drug’s chemical makeup |
| Reduction | the gain of electrons in the drug’s chemical makeup |
| Hydrolysis | the splitting of the drug’s molecule and the addition of water molecules to each split portion |
| Conjugation | joining together two compounds [the drug molecule and glucuronic acid] to make another compound that dissolves more quickly in water |
| enzymes | proteins produced by living cells |
| excretion | removal |
| bile | a fluid that helps in the digestion of fats |
| urine | the waste fluid produced by the kidneys |
| mammary | breast |
| residues | Drugs that appear in the animal’s milk or meat products |
| half-life of that drug | The time it takes for half of the drug to be removed from the animal’s system |
| Pharmacodynamics | The action of a drug on the body and the mechanism of its action |
| receptors | parts of a cell that receive stimuli |
| agonists | Drugs that attach to certain receptors and cause-specific actions |
| antagonists | Drugs that block those receptors from being acted on |
| Efficacy | the degree to which a drug produces its desired effect |
| Potency | the amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect and is represented by a dose on a dose-response curve |
| lethal dose (LD50) | the dose of the drug that’s lethal to 50% of the animals given that drug. |
| Effective dose (ED50) | the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals given that drug. |
| adverse drug reaction | undesired response to a drug. |
| thiopental | a drug used for anesthesia |
| apnea | stopped breathing |
| formulary | a book that contains drug dosages and a listing of adverse reactions |
| proprietary | trade name of a patented drug |
| generic | unpatented copy of a drug |
| United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | regulates the development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides |
| Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) | regulation of substances that have the potential for human abuse (usually controlled substances) |
| United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | regulates the development and approval of biologics |
| biologics | medical products such as vaccines, serums, antitoxins, and other products |
| Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) | sponsored by the USDA and is involved with producing “safe foods of animal origin. |
| Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) | made the extralabel use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well-defined conditions. |
| neutral ionic charges | atoms with neither positive nor negative electron charges |
| six rights of drug administration | Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time and frequency Right documentation |
| Oral medications | taken by mouth |
| emulsions | milky solutions containing the drug |
| elixirs | compound liquid medicines held in solution by alcohol |
| Topical medicines | placed on the skin |
| liniments | liquid rubs that are thinner than an ointment |
| speculum | a tool placed inside a bodily cavity opening to insert a medicine |
| four types of syringes | Slip tip Luer lock Eccentric tip Catheter tip |
| Slip tip syringes | the most common syringe |
| Luer lock | a screw top that secures the needle to the syringe |
| Eccentric tip | are used when injecting larger volumes (greater than 20 ml) into a vein |
| Catheter tip | are good for oral feedings or for use with feeding catheters. |
| intravenous (IV) catheter | Repetitive intravenous medications are made easier with the use of an |
| Butterfly catheters | can be used for short-term intravenous therapy (a few hours or less) |
| Endotracheal tubes | are placed into the trachea (tubes that air goes through towards the animal’s lungs) for controlled ventilation (such as with CPR) or for use with anesthesia machines. |
| trachea | tubes that air goes through towards the animal’s lungs |
| metric system | grams, liters |
| apothecary system | grains, ounces/An older, rarely used system for volume and weight measurement in pharmacy |
| household system | gtt [drops], teaspoons, tablespoons |
| canceling units | Converting between the various units involves the idea of |
| conversion factor | A numerical value that relates one unit of measure to another |
| 1 mL | 1 cc |
| 5 mL | 1 tsp |
| 10 mL | 2 tsp |
| 15 mL | 3 tsp (1 Tbs) or 1/2 oz |
| 30 mL | 1 oz |
| 60 mL | 2 oz (1/4 cup) |
| 120 mL | 4 oz (1/2 cup) |
| 240 mL | 8 oz (1 cup) |
| 1 L | 1000 mL |
| 1 gr (grain) | 60 mg |
| 1 g (gram) | 1000 mg |
| 1 mg | 1000 mcg |
| 2.5 cm | 1 inch |
| 1 Ib | 16 oz |
| 2.2 lbs | 1 kg or 1000g |
| 1 unit | 1000 mUnits |
| 5 Rights of Administration | Right patient Right drug Right dose Right time Right route |
| Solutions | mixtures of two or more substances (solvent and solute) that are combined with each other. |
| solvent | a solution capable of dissolving other substances. |
| solute | a substance that is dissolved in a liquid (solution). |
| dilution | a process of reducing the concentration of a substance in a solution |
| ratio concentration | strength of the mixture is expressed as a parts ratio or |
| percent concentration | used when weight per volume (w/v), weight per weight (w/w), or volume per volume (v/v) concentrations are described. |
| quantity sufficient | to arrive at the desired volume. |
| Volume one (V1) | the volume of stock solution to be used; or “amount to use” to prepare the new volume. |
| Concentration one (C1) | the original concentration of the stock solution; or “available strength” of solution on hand. |
| Volume two (V2) | the desired final volume of the new solution; or “amount to make.” |
| Concentration two (C2) | the desired final concentration of the new solution (what you are making) |
| milliequivalents | A unit of measure that expresses the combining power of a substance; often used for electrolytes |
| equivalent weight | is equal to (for practical applications) 1 g molecular weight divided by the total positive valence of the material in question |
| Parenteral Administration | Nonoral routes of administration—specifically, adminstration by injection into the body, including intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, and other routes of injection |
| Frick Speculum | An instrument used in cattle through which an orogastric tube is passed |
| Controlled Substance | Drugs or substances that have the potential for abuse and dependence in humans |
| Concentration | The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent (strength of a drug or substance) |
| The number of online pharmacies used frequently by animal caregivers is ever increasing. What's a certification program that validates appropriate licensing of online pharmacies? | Vet-VIPPS |
| What's the weight in kilograms of a 22 lb. dog? | 9.9 |
| Atropine can be given to a dog prior to anesthesia and surgery to decrease respiratory tract secretions. The drug works by preventing the action of acetylcholine. Which of the following terms describes the pharmacological action of this drug? | Antagonist |
| Choose the proprietary name of a drug often used in heartworm prevention. | Heartgard |
| A drug has an LD50 of 1,000 mg/kg and ED50 of 5 mg/kg in a dog. What's the therapeutic index of this drug? | 200 |
| The upper-right corner of a drug label has a code containing a capital letter C with a Roman numeral. What does this code indicate? | Controlled substance |
| From the following, choose one of the AVMA's six recommended practices for the disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals. | Send to a landfill |
| Propylene glycol is commonly added to injectable drug solutions. What's the main function of this additive? | Increases solubility |
| Dosing food-producing cows with chloramphenicol is prohibited because drug remaining in the meat is associated with the risk of aplastic anemia in humans. The chloramphenicol and other drugs that would remain in animal meat and consumed are | residues. |
| Pharmacological research data on a new drug intended to be marketed for renal disease in cats has a therapeutic index of 1.1. What can be said regarding the safety of this drug candidate? | It has a narrow margin of safety. |
| Extralabel use of drugs is often permitted by veterinarians under appropriate circumstances. A number of human drugs can also be used in veterinary medicine. What federal legislation provides these permissions? | Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act |
| How many mg of potassium chloride are needed to make 50 mL of a 0.3% solution? | 150 |
| A 13 kg dog is to be administered one subcutaneous injection of 0.09 mg/lb of meloxicam that's supplied as a 5 mg/mL solution for injection. What volume of the supplied meloxicam must be given to the dog? | 0.5 mL |
| Which of the following statements describes a 1:6 solution? | 3 mL of the drug added to 15 mL of solvent |
| Vincristine is commonly used to treat transmissible, venereal tumors in dogs. It's very irritating to the tissues and can cause tissue sloughing if not properly administered. Which of the following routes of administration is appropriate for this drug? | Intravenous |
| Toxicity of acetaminophen in cats is due to lower glucuronidation of the drug for elimination. What pharmacokinetic action is associated with the handling of acetaminophen in cats? | Biotransformation |
| Buprenorphine can activate certain opioid receptors in the brain but with a lower degree of response than that seen with morphine. What type of effect is exerted by buprenorphine in this case? | Partial agonist |
| Drug A will be given to a horse bid for 7 days by a parenteral route. Which of the following forms of administration can qualify for this treatment method? | Intramuscular injection |
| Careful and slow administration of an oral amoxicillin dose in a weak and debilitated cat is essential. Rapid administration that doesn't allow time for swallowing can lead to what complication? | Aspiration pneumonia |
| What fluid drip rate will you use to administer 800 mL of Lactated Ringer's solution over a 12-hour period using a micro-drip administration set? | 1 drop/sec |
| This type of syringe is constructed in such a way that the needle screws onto the tip of the syringe. | Luer-Lok tip |
| Which of the following information does not need to be logged for a controlled substance when it is administered or dispensed to a patient? | Expiration date of drug prescribed |
| Which of the following is a uniform suspension that uses an additive ingredient to bind two or more liquids that normally do not mix? | Emulsion |
| Which of these agencies is not an area of government that regulates animal health products? | NDC |
| A _____ is a way of expressing the relationship of a number, quantity, substance, or degree between two components. | Ratio |
| Which of the following is the fundamental unit of measurement used for weight? | Gram |
| All the following are true about a veterinarianâ€"clientâ€"patient relationship except | The veterinarian has seen and treated all the client's pets except a dog for which the owner would like to buy heartworm preventative. |
| A 78-lb dog is to be administered ampicillin trihydrate at a dose of 5 mg/lb. subcutaneously. The antibiotic has been reconstituted, and the concentration is 200 mg/mL. How many milliliters will be administered to the patient? | 2 mL |
| 1 tsp = _______ mL. | 5 |
| Parenteral drugs are administered _______. | by injection |
| Which name is denoted with a superscript R after it and is usually in bold letters? | Trade name |
| Gr is the abbreviation for | grain. |
| Substances that have the ability to become habit forming for humans are labeled: | Controlled substances |
| Extra-label use means _______. | using a drug in a way not specified by the label |
| The amount of time it takes for the amount of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50% is | half-life. |
| How much morphine will you add to a 500 mL bag of fluids to deliver 0.24 mg/kg/hr to a 15-lb. dog at a delivery rate of 20 mL/hr? The concentration of morphine is 15 mg/mL. | 2.7 mL |
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