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MT Sci
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Note Taking/Cornell Notes | A method of note taking Left side:key ideas/questions Right side: detailed notes Bottom:summary |
| Scientific Method | Question Hypothesis Experiment Collect Data Analyaze Conclusion Share |
| Elements | Their made up of one singler atom |
| Hypothesis | a testable guess |
| Law | a rule of nature |
| Theory | a well tested explaination |
| Variable | Indepentent: what changes dependent:what you measure the result Control:standard for comparsion Constant: things that reamain the same throughout trails |
| Data Taking | Qualitiave:Descriptions (color,smell,shape) Quantitative: Numbers(length,mass,time) Accuracy:how close to the etrue value Precision: how repeatable or consistent the result are observation: using sense to gather facts inference: explanation or guess |
| Measuring | length:measured in meters (m) mass: amount of matter (grams g) weight: force of gravity on mass (newtons N) volume: space an object takes up (liter,L,or cm3 |
| Conversions with SI units (Metric System) | Length: meter (m) Mass: gram (g) Volume: liter (L) Time:second (s) Temperature: Kelvin (K)/ Celsius (C) |
| Scientific Notation | A way to write very big or very small numbers Example:3,000=3x10*3 |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) All objects and substances around you are made of matter |
| Physical property | can be observed/measured without changing the substance |
| density | mass/volume p=m/v Helps identify substances since each material has a unique density measured in g/cm3 (solids) or g/mL (liquids) |
| Triple Beam Balance | a tool used to measure mass in grams (g) add the riders (sliding weights) together to get the total mass |
| Arcamedes' principle and water displacement | Archimedes' Principle:an object placed in fluid displaces an amount of fluid equal to its volume Used to measure the volume of objects by water displacement in a graduated cylinder Final-initial reading 1 g/mL=1 g/cm3 water |
| Viscosity | a liquid's resistance to flow High=flows slowly(honey) low=flows quickly(water) |
| Malleability / Ductility | Malleability:the ability of a material to be hammered/rolled into sheets Ductility:ability to be drawn in thin wire |
| Conductivity (Thermal / Electrical) | Thermal: ability to transfer heat Electrical: the ability to allow electricity to flow |
| Solubility | how much of a substance can dissolve in given solvent(like sugar in water) |
| Chemical Property | describes how a substance reacts with other substances |
| Reactivity | how easily a substance reacts with other (iron rusting,lighting a match using the sticker stick) |
| Flammability | how easily a substance burns |
| Toxicity | the degree to which a chemical substance is harmful to living organisms |
| Acidity and Basicity | a substance ability to donate or accept protons (H+ions) often measured by pH |
| Corrosivity | the tendency of a chemical to destroy other materials such as metals or tissues through chemical reactions |
| Physical Change | changes appearance but not identity (melting, boiling, evaportating,breaking,dissolving,shredding) |
| Chemical Change | new substance forms signs:change in color,change in odor,change in light,production of heat |
| Bose-Einstein Condensate | occurs at extremely low temperature(near absolute zero) Atoms slow down and group together acting as one single particle created in labs with special equipment |
| Soild | has a definite shape and volume particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place ice,metal,rock |
| liquid | has definite volume but takes the shape of its container infinite shape particles move past each other more freely than in soild water,milk,oil |
| gas | has infinite shape and volume particles move quickly and spread apart to fill their container oxygen helium,carbon dioxide |
| plasma | a high energy state of matter where atoms lose electrons found in lighting star and neon lights The sun is made mostly of plasma |
| Endothermic/Exothermic Reaction | Endo:process (energy in) surrounding get cold Exo:process (energy out) surrounds get hot |
| Phase Changes | changes occur when energy is added or removed from a substance durning it temperature does not change energy goes into changing the phase not increasing temperature |
| Melting/Freezing | melting- soild to liquid:Endo freezing-liquid to soild:Endo |
| Vaporization (Boiling, Evaporation) | liquid to gas:Endo |
| Condensation | gas to liquid:Exo |
| Sublimation/Deposition | sublimation: gas to liquid:soild to gas:Endo Deposition:gas to soild:Exo |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up volume |
| Atoms | the building block of the universe are made up of matter |
| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together H2O,O3 |
| Element | a pure substance made of one type of atoms oxygen,carbon,gold |
| compound | a substance made from two or more elements H2O=hydrogen+oxygen |
| mixture | are combinations of two or more substances and can be separated by physical means(filtering,sorting,everporation) |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture where one one substance dissolved in another |
| solvent | what does the dissolving water and milk |
| solute | what get dissolved sugar,cool aid mix,hot chocolate mix |
| Homogeneous | mixture(uniform) same compostion throughout cannot see the different parts |
| Solution | solvent+solute sugar water,cool aid,hot choacolate |
| Colloid | medium size particles that don't settle often appears cloudy |
| Tyndall Effect - Colloid/Suspension | Tyndall Effect - Colloid scatter light( milk,fog,whipped cream)Tyndall Effect - Suspension scatter light but the particles are larger(muddy water,orange juice with pulp) |
| Heterogeneous | non uniform |
| suspension | large particles settle out over time salad |
| Temperature | average kinetic energy |
| SI Units and Conversions | basic units |
| Absolute Zero | BEC |
| Heat | energy transferred |
| Specific Heat Capacity | the energy need to raise one unit of mass |
| How to Transfer Heat | Conduction:direct physical contact(cooking pan) Convection:fluid movement(hot air) Radiation:electromagnetic waves(sunlight) |
| insulator | resist heat transfers |
| conductors | transfer heat easily |
| Subatomic particles | Proton Neutron Electron |
| protons | positively charged particles found in nucleus symbol:p+ charge:1+ mass:1 locatin nucleus |
| neutrons | neutral particles(no charge) found in nucleus symbol:n0 charge:0 mass:1 location:nucleus |
| electrons | negativly charges particles that orbit around the nuclues symbol:e- charge:1- mass:1/1840 location:electron cloud around the nucleus |
| Parts of an Atom | Nucleus Electron Cloud Energy Level Valence Electron |
| Nucleus | the dense Central core of an atom contains protons and neutrons |
| Electron Cloud | where electrons orbit around nucleus at a distance contain electrons |
| Energy Level | region around the nuclues where electrons are likely to be found |
| Valence Electron | electrons in the outer most energy level |
| Atomic Number | count of protons in nucleus |
| Mass Number | the total count of protons and neutrons |
| Atomic Mass | the mass of an atom |
| Isotope | atom with the same element but different numbers of neutrons |
| Ion | an atom or molecule with an electrical charge |
| Periodic Table | Period Group (Family) Metal:elements Nonmetal Metalloid Alkali Metal Alkaline-Earth Metal Transition Metal Halogen Noble Gas / Inert Gas |
| period | horizontal rows,7 periods,share same energy level |
| Group (Family) | vertical columns,18 groups,share same valence electrons. |
| Metal | elements that is shiny conducts heat and electricity<left and center. |
| Nonmetal | brittle doesn't conduct heat or electricity,right side |
| Metalloid | elements properties between metals and non metals,stair case line |
| Alkali Metal | group 1,valence electrons 1,very reactive |
| Alkaline-Earth Metal | group 2, valence electrons 2,very reactive |
| Transition Metal | groups 3-12,valence electrons variable numbers,less reactive. |
| Halogen | group 7, valence electrons 7,highly reactive |
| Noble Gas / Inert Gas | group 18,valence electrons 18,very unreactive |
| Law of Conservation of mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reaction |
| Law of Conservation of atoms | atoms cannot be created or destroyed only rearranged |
| Chemical Equation | Reactant Product Coefficient Subscript |
| reactant | the chemical/element that react with one other wood,air |
| product | the chemical/element that are producing from reaction soot,water,heat |
| coefficient | a numerical factor that quantifies a relationship |
| subscript | small number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol |
| type of reaction | Synthesis Decomposition Single-Replacement Double-Replacement Combustion |
| Synthesis | two or more reactants combine to from one A+X-AX |
| Decomposition | one compound breaks into two or more simpler substance AX-A+X |
| Single-Replacement | one element replace/switch with another in a compound A+BX-AX+B |
| Double-Replacement | two compound exchange ions a double switch AX+BY-AY+BX |
| Combustion | substance reacts release energy water carbon dioxide Fuel+O2-CO2+H2O+Energy |
| catalyst | substance that speed up a chemical reaction |
| pH scale | scale that acids and base are measured |
| acid | proton donors sour taste pH<7 |
| base | protons acceptors bitter taste pH>7 |
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