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anatomy 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Voluntary muscle tissue | Skeletal muscle |
| Tissue found in the heart | Cardiac muscle |
| Tissue that dilates and constricts the pupils of our eyes | Smooth muscle |
| Tissue that is multinucleate | Skeletal muscle |
| Tissue composed of branching cells and intercalated discs | Cardiac muscle |
| Tissue that activates arrector pilli muscles to stand hairs on end | Smooth muscle |
| Preforms very slow, something rhythmic, contractions | Smooth muscle |
| Tissue that maintains posture | Skeletal muscle |
| Striated, involuntary muscle | Cardiac muscle |
| Outside layer of muscle | Epimysium |
| Surrounds small section filled with circles | Endomystium |
| Larger circle sticking out of muscle picture | Perimysium |
| Smaller circle sticking out of muscle picture | Muscle fiber |
| What type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation | Skeletal |
| What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| What is a sarcolemma | A specialized plasma membrane |
| What are A and I bands | A band - dark band, thick filaments I band - light band, thin filaments |
| What is a sacromere | Contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
| Small section of cylinder | A-band |
| Branching lines on right side | I-band |
| Branching lines on left side with shapes inside | Actin |
| Center beneath A | H zone |
| Larger section containing A and D | Sarcomere |
| What are thick and thin filaments composed of | thick - myosin thin -actin |
| Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Chemical that enters a muscle cell upon excitation | Sodium ions |
| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores this chemical | Calcium ions |
| Electrical current that travels the length of sarcolemma that results in the contraction of the muscle fiber | Action potential |
| Specific neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells | Acetylcholine |
| Gap between axon terminals and the plasma membrane of the neighboring muscle cell | Synaptic cleft |
| What characteristics/functions do skeletal muscles have | Maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generate heat |
| What are the special properties of skeletal muscles | Irritability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity |
| What does it mean when a muscle cell has a characteristic known as contractibility | It has the ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received |
| What is a motor unit | One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells |
| According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur | When a cross bridge pivots and lets thin filaments to slide to the center of the sarcomere |
| A smooth, sustained contraction, with no evidence of relaxation is called | Fused tetanus (complete) |
| When stimulations become more frequent, muscle contractions get stronger and smoother, is called | Unfused tetanus (incomplete) |
| What are isotonic contractions | When the muscle shortens and movement occurs |
| Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction | Calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments |
| What are graded responses | Different degrees of muscle shortening |
| What is a muscle twitch | A single, brief, jerky contraction |
| What does creatine phosphate do | It transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP |
| The inability of the muscle to contract even if its stimulated is known as what | Muscle fatigue |
| What is isometric contraction - add example | Muscle filaments trying to slide but cant, tension increases but muscle doesn't shorten Pushing palm together |
| What method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid | Anaerobic glycolysis |
| T/F, all muscles have at least 2 attachments: origin and insertion | True |
| List criteria for naming a muscle | Direction, relative size, location, number of origins, location of origin/insert, shape, and actin |
| What are antagonists | Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover |
| The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less moveable bone is known as | Origin |
| The movement of a limb toward the body midline | Adduction |
| The movement of a bone around its logitudinal axis | Rotation |
| The type of movement that allows you to carry a soup bowl | Supination |
| The movement of a limb away from the body midline | Abduction |
| The type of movement that turns the sole of the foot medially | Inversion |
| The type of movement that points the toes | Plantar flexion |
| The type of movement that decreases the angle of the joint | Flexion |
| Accompanied by lactic acid formation Requires no oxygen Used when oxygen supply is inadequate over time | Anaerobic glycolysis |
| Supplies highest ATP yield Slowest ATP regeneration Produces CO2 and H2O Energy mechanism used in 2nd hour of running in a marathon Supplies ATP at rest and during light/moderate exercise | Aerobic glycolysis |
| Involves the simple transfer of a phosphate group Requires no oxygen Good for a sprint | Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate |
| How are graded responses produced | Changing frequency of muscle stimulation, changing number of muscle cells being stimulated |
| What contributes to muscle fatigue | Ion imbalances, oxygen deficit and lactic acid, decrease in ATP supply |
| What is muscle tone | State of continuous partial contractions - muscle remains firm |
| Aerobic vs Resistance exercise | Aerobic - endurance (biking, jogging) greater resistance to fatigue Resistance - isometric (weight lifting) individual muscle fibers enlarge |
| Origin Insertion | Attachment to an immovable or less movable bone Attachment to a movable bone |
| Myo-/Mys- Sacro- | Muscle Flesh |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in axon terminal |
| Neuromuscular junction | Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle |
| When a nerve impulse reaches axon terminal of motor neuron - list first 4 steps | 1. Calcium channels open and enter 2. Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release ACh 3. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on sarcolemma 4. Sarcolemma becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions |
| When a nerve impulse reaches axon terminal of motor neuron - list last 2 steps | 5. depolarization opens moree sodium channels - action potential created 6. ACh breaks down acetycholine into acetic acid and choline |
Created by:
serenitylockard