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Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "What was the main goal of Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address? | To promote unity and healing after the Civil War |
| "What was the time period of Reconstruction? | 1865 to 1877 |
| "In its narrowest sense, what does Reconstruction refer to? | The national government’s attempts to rebuild the South |
| "In a broader sense, what does Reconstruction refer to? | Changes in the entire nation after the Civil War |
| "What was Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan? | A plan allowing a state to reenter the Union when 10% of 1860 voters swore loyalty |
| "What did Lincoln require before a Southern state could form a new government? | 10% of voters taking an oath of allegiance |
| "What did Lincoln intend to grant to many Confederate leaders? | Presidential pardons |
| "What group opposed Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan? | Radical Republicans |
| "What did the Wade-Davis Bill require? | A majority of white males to swear loyalty and deny rights to Confederate leaders |
| "What did the Wade-Davis Bill demand regarding former Confederate leaders? | Denial of voting and office-holding rights |
| "What did the Wade-Davis Bill require states to do about Confederate war debts? | Repudiate them |
| "Why did Lincoln veto the Wade-Davis Bill? | He believed it was too harsh and that states had never legally left the Union |
| "How did Thaddeus Stevens view the Southern states? | As conquered provinces under congressional authority |
| "How did Charles Sumner view the Southern states? | As having committed suicide and ceased to be states |
| "What motivated many Radical Republicans? | Securing rights for African Americans |
| "What additional motives did some Radicals have? | Revenge and political control |
| "What was Johnson’s background before becoming president? | A poor tailor who rose through Tennessee politics |
| "What political party was Johnson originally associated with? | Democratic Party |
| "Why did Lincoln choose Johnson as his 1864 running mate? | To appeal to Unionists and Democrats |
| "What personal traits made Johnson’s presidency difficult? | Short temper, stubbornness, and impatience |
| "What did Johnson’s Reconstruction plan offer to Southerners? | Amnesty for those who swore loyalty |
| "Who was excluded from Johnson’s amnesty? | Southerners with property worth over $20,000 |
| "What did excluded Southerners have to do to regain rights? | Apply personally to Johnson for a pardon |
| "What rights were denied to unpardoned Southerners? | Voting, holding office, and reclaiming seized property |
| "What did Johnson require Southern states to include in new constitutions? | Revoking secession, rejecting Confederate debts, and ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment |
| "By winter 1865, what had most Southern states accomplished? | They met most of Johnson’s terms and formed new governments |
| "What effect did Johnson’s leniency have on the South? | It encouraged Southerners to believe Reconstruction would be easy |
| "What were Black Codes? | Laws designed to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans |
| "What was the purpose of Black Codes? | To keep freedmen in conditions similar to slavery |
| "What types of jobs were freedmen often restricted to under Black Codes? | Household servants or farm laborers |
| "What did some Black Codes forbid African Americans from doing? | Living in towns or cities |
| "What did Black Codes require for freedmen who wanted to work in trades? | Costly licenses or apprenticeships |
| "What happened to unemployed black Americans under Black Codes? | They could be arrested |
| "What happened to freedmen who could not pay fines? | They were hired out to anyone who paid the fine |
| "What rights were denied to African Americans under many Black Codes? | Voting, holding office, suing whites, serving on juries |
| "What restrictions did some Black Codes place on property ownership? | Limited where blacks could own property |
| "What restrictions did some Black Codes place on weapons? | Freedmen were forbidden to carry firearms |
| "What argument did Southerners use to defend Black Codes? | That uneducated former slaves could be easily manipulated and needed control |
| "How did Northerners respond to Black Codes? | They strongly opposed them and demanded equal rights for blacks |
| "What did Northern outrage over Black Codes lead to? | Increased support for Radical Reconstruction |
| "What happened when Congress met in December 1865? | Newly elected Southern legislators arrived to take their seats |
| "How many of the new Southern congressmen had served in the Confederate government? | Dozens |
| "Why were Northerners shocked by the new Southern congressional delegations? | Many were former Confederate leaders |
| "Who was elected senator from Georgia despite being the former Confederate vice president? | Alexander Stephens |
| "What did Congress do when Southern leaders attempted to take their seats? | Refused to seat them |
| "What committee did Congress create to oversee Reconstruction? | The Joint Committee on Reconstruction |
| "Who were key members of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction? | Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade |
| "What caused moderate Republicans to join the Radical Republicans? | Black Codes and election of former Confederate leaders |
| "How did President Johnson react to Congress’s actions? | He was outraged and refused to compromise |
| "What effect did Johnson’s temper have on Reconstruction politics? | It pushed more Republicans toward the Radical camp |
| "What did many in Congress fear about Johnson’s Reconstruction approach? | That it was too lenient and would restore prewar Southern leadership |
| "What did Congress do when Southern leaders tried to take their seats in 1865? | Congress refused to seat them |
| "What committee did Congress create to oversee Reconstruction? | Joint Committee on Reconstruction |
| "Who were the three key Radical members of the Joint Committee? | Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Benjamin Wade |
| "What caused moderate Republicans to join the Radical Republicans? | Black Codes and election of former Confederate leaders |
| "How did President Johnson react to Congress taking control of Reconstruction? | He became angry and refused to compromise |
| "What effect did Johnson’s temper have on Reconstruction politics? | It pushed more Republicans toward the Radical camp |
| "What was the Freedmen’s Bureau officially called? | Bureau of Refugees Freedmen and Abandoned Lands |
| "What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau? | To help former slaves and refugees adjust after the war |
| "What services did the Freedmen’s Bureau provide? | Food clothing jobs education and legal protection |
| "Who led the Freedmen’s Bureau? | General Oliver O Howard |
| "What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do to support education? | Established schools and coordinated Northern missionary teachers |
| "How many schools were operating for freedmen by 1869? | Over 3000 schools |
| "What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do regarding Black Codes? | Helped freedmen negotiate fair contracts and created special courts |
| "What did President Johnson do to the Freedmen’s Bureau extension bill? | He vetoed it |
| "How did Congress respond to Johnson’s veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau bill? | Congress overrode the veto |
| "What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do? | Granted citizenship and equal legal protection to African Americans |
| "Why did Johnson veto the Civil Rights Act of 1866? | He claimed the federal government could not define citizenship |
| "How did Congress respond to Johnson’s veto of the Civil Rights Act? | Congress overrode the veto |
| "What amendment did Republicans propose to protect the Civil Rights Act? | Fourteenth Amendment |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee? | Citizenship and equal protection under the law |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment say about representation in Congress? | Representation would be based on the whole population |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment say about former Confederate leaders? | They were barred from voting or holding office |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment say about Confederate debts? | They could not be paid by federal or state governments |
| "Why did Johnson oppose the Fourteenth Amendment? | He believed it treated Southern leaders too harshly |
| "What happened in the 1866 congressional elections? | Republicans won a landslide victory |
| "What did the Republican victory in 1866 allow Congress to do? | Take full control of Reconstruction |
| "What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau extension bill of 1866 | To expand protection and support for freedmen |
| "What did the Freedmen's Bureau extension bill allow the Bureau to do | Overrule Black Codes and protect freedmen’s rights |
| "How did President Johnson respond to the Freedmen's Bureau extension bill | He vetoed it |
| "How did Congress respond to Johnson’s veto of the Bureau bill | They overrode the veto |
| "What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 grant to African Americans | Citizenship and equal legal protection |
| "Why did Johnson veto the Civil Rights Act of 1866 | He said states should decide citizenship |
| "How did Congress respond to Johnson’s veto of the Civil Rights Act | They overrode the veto |
| "Why did Republicans fear the Civil Rights Act might be overturned | The Supreme Court could strike it down |
| "What amendment did Republicans propose to protect black rights permanently | Fourteenth Amendment |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee to freedmen | Full citizenship and equal protection |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment forbid states from doing | Denying life liberty or property without due process |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment change about representation | States counted all residents not three fifths |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment do to former Confederate leaders | Barred them from voting or holding office |
| "What did the Fourteenth Amendment say about Confederate debts | They could not be paid by federal or state governments |
| "Why did Johnson oppose the Fourteenth Amendment | He believed it was too harsh on Southern leaders |
| "What did Johnson do during the 1866 congressional elections | He campaigned against Radical Republicans |
| "What was the public reaction to Johnson’s 1866 speaking tour | Crowds heckled him and his behavior hurt his reputation |
| "What was the result of the 1866 congressional elections | Republicans won a landslide victory |
| "What did the Republican victory in 1866 allow Congress to do | Take full control of Reconstruction |
| "What was the Reconstruction Act of 1867 also called | Military Reconstruction Act |
| "What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do to the South | Divided it into five military districts |
| "Who governed each military district under the Reconstruction Act | A Union general |
| "What political rights did the Reconstruction Act give to black Southerners | Right to vote and hold office |
| "What groups were excluded from participating in new state conventions | Former Confederates who broke their oath to the Constitution |
| "What did Southern states have to do to reenter the Union under the Reconstruction Act | Write new constitutions and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment |
| "Which Southern state was exempt from the Reconstruction Act | Tennessee |
| "What was the Reconstruction Act of 1867 also called | Military Reconstruction Act |
| "What did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 do to the South | Divided it into five military districts |
| "Who governed each military district | A Union general |
| "What political rights did the Reconstruction Act give to black Southerners | Right to vote and hold office |
| "Who was excluded from voting and office under the Reconstruction Act | Former Confederates who broke their oath |
| "What did Southern states have to do to reenter the Union | Write new constitutions and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment |
| "Which Southern state was exempt from the Reconstruction Act | Tennessee |
| "What group welcomed the Reconstruction Act | Black Southerners and Southern Unionists |
| "What group resented the Reconstruction Act | Many white Southerners |
| "What did the Reconstruction Act require state conventions to include | Both black and white voting delegates |
| "What did Congress require states to do with their new constitutions | Submit them to Congress for approval |
| "What amendment did states have to ratify to be readmitted | Fourteenth Amendment |
| "What effect did the Reconstruction Act have on former Confederate leaders | Prevented most from holding public office |
| "What groups gained political power in the South under Radical Reconstruction | Southern Unionists Northerners and black Americans |
| "What amendment abolished slavery | Thirteenth Amendment |
| "What amendment granted citizenship and equal protection | Fourteenth Amendment |
| "What amendment granted voting rights regardless of race | Fifteenth Amendment |
| "What was the purpose of the Thirteenth Amendment | To legally end slavery in the United States |
| "What was the purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment | To protect the legal rights of freedmen |
| "What was the purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment | To protect black male voting rights |
| "What did the Fifteenth Amendment forbid states from doing | Denying voting rights based on race or previous servitude |
| "What was a major weakness of the Fifteenth Amendment | It did not prevent literacy tests or poll taxes |
| "What did Radical Republicans hope the amendments would accomplish | Secure long term rights for African Americans |
| "What did Southern states later use to undermine black voting rights | Poll taxes literacy tests and intimidation |
| "What law did Congress pass to limit Johnson’s power in 1867 | Tenure of Office Act |
| "What did the Tenure of Office Act make illegal | Removing officials without Senate approval |
| "Who did the Tenure of Office Act aim to protect | Secretary of War Edwin Stanton |
| "Why did Radicals want to protect Edwin Stanton | He supported Radical Reconstruction |
| "What did Johnson think about the Tenure of Office Act | He believed it was unconstitutional |
| "Why did Johnson fire Edwin Stanton | He viewed him as a Radical spy |
| "How did Stanton respond to being fired | He barricaded himself in his office |
| "What did Johnson’s firing of Stanton give Radicals | A reason to impeach him |
| "What does impeachment mean | The House brings charges against the president |
| "What must the Senate do after impeachment | Hold a trial to decide guilt |
| "What vote is required in the Senate to remove a president | Two thirds vote |
| "What were Johnson’s impeachment charges mainly based on | Violating the Tenure of Office Act |
| "How many charges were brought against Johnson | Eleven |
| "Did Johnson attend his impeachment trial | No he refused to attend |
| "What was the main issue debated in Johnson’s trial | Whether the Tenure of Office Act was constitutional |
| "Who would have become president if Johnson was removed | Benjamin Wade |
| "What was Benjamin Wade known for | Being an extreme Radical Republican |
| "What was the final Senate vote on Johnson’s removal | Thirty five guilty nineteen not guilty |
| "How many votes short was the Senate from removing Johnson | One vote short |
| "What was the outcome of Johnson’s impeachment trial | He was acquitted and stayed in office |
| "What did Johnson do after surviving impeachment | He completed his term quietly |
| "What did the Supreme Court later rule about the Tenure of Office Act | It was unconstitutional |
| "What condition was the Southern economy in after the Civil War | It was devastated and in ruins |
| "What happened to many Southern cities during the war | They were destroyed or heavily damaged |
| "What happened to Southern farmland after the war | Fields were overgrown fences were down and livestock was gone |
| "What percentage did Southern property values drop after the war | Thirty to sixty percent |
| "What was the main occupation freed slaves returned to | Farming |
| "What was the most important resource in the postwar South | Land |
| "Why was there a labor shortage in the South after the war | No slave labor and little cash to pay workers |
| "What system became common because landowners lacked money to pay wages | Sharecropping |
| "What is sharecropping | Farming land in exchange for a share of the crop |
| "What groups became sharecroppers | Freedmen and poor whites |
| "What did sharecroppers use as payment for rent | A portion of their crop |
| "What was a major problem with sharecropping | It trapped people in debt |
| "Why did sharecroppers often start the season in debt | They borrowed supplies at high interest rates |
| "What happened when sharecroppers settled accounts at harvest | They usually remained in debt |
| "What type of crops did landowners insist on growing | Cash crops like cotton and tobacco |
| "Why were cash crops a problem for sharecroppers | They depleted soil and provided no food |
| "What effect did low crop prices have on sharecroppers | It increased their debt |
| "What was tenant farming | Renting land for cash instead of crop share |
| "What was the main difference between sharecroppers and tenant farmers | Tenant farmers paid cash rent sharecroppers paid with crops |
| "What long term effect did sharecropping have on the South | It kept many families trapped in poverty |
| "What were the different approaches of Lincoln Congress and Johnson when Reconstruction began | Lincoln was lenient Congress was strict Johnson was lenient but conflicted with Congress |
| "What was the significance of the Thirteenth Amendment | It abolished slavery |
| "What role did the Black Codes play in Reconstruction | They restricted freedmen and pushed Congress toward Radical Reconstruction |
| "What major pieces of legislation did Congress enact regarding Reconstruction | Freedmens Bureau Civil Rights Act Reconstruction Act |
| "Why was President Johnson impeached | He violated the Tenure of Office Act |
| "What were the varying assessments of carpetbaggers and scalawags | Some saw them as reformers others saw them as opportunists |
| "How did some Southerners react violently to Reconstruction | They formed groups like the Ku Klux Klan |
| "How did Lincolns Ten Percent Plan differ from the Wade Davis Bill | Ten percent oath versus majority oath |
| "What is suffrage | The right to vote |
| "Who were the two leading Radical Republicans in Congress | Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner |
| "What three items were Southern states required to include in new constitutions | End slavery reject Confederate debts and repeal secession |
| "What does the term Reconstruction mean | The process of rebuilding the South and reshaping the nation after the Civil War |
| "What were key factors that caused Congress to oppose Johnson | His leniency Black Codes and pardons for Confederate leaders |
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