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hgap vocab Jan 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electoral Geography | A subfield of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes |
| Voting District | A territorial division for casting votes in public elections; generally, only those who live in the voting district are permitted to cast their votes there |
| Electoral College | A body of 538 electors in the United States; a majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president; a state’s number of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation |
| Reapportionment | The process by which the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every U.S. census |
| Redistricting | The process of drawing new boundaries for U.S. congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the previous U.S. census |
| Gerrymandering | The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group, or election outcome |
| Packing | Gerrymandering a voting district by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district, thereby creating a large majority of that party in the district while ensuring that it cannot win any election |
| Cracking | Gerrymandering a voting district by dividing opposition votes into many districts, thus diluting the opposition’s vote to ensure it does not form a majority in any district |
| Subnational Units | The smaller areas into which a larger state is divided (e.g., states in the United States, provinces in Canada) |
| Unitary State | An independent state that concentrates power in the central government and grants little or no authority to its subnational units |
| Federal State | An independent country that disperses significant authority among subnational units |
| Irredentism | The political claim to territory in another country based on ethnic affiliations and historic borders |
| Terrorism | The calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or affect the conduct of the government. |
| International Terrorism | Terrorism that transcends national boundaries and is intended to intimidate people in other countries |
| Domestic Terrorism | Acts by individuals or groups against the citizens or government of their own country |
| State Terrorism | Terrorism committed by government agents whose leaders have ordered them to murder, imprison, or force into exile perceived enemies of the state |
| Subnational Terrorism | Terrorism committed by non-government groups that feel wronged by their government. |
| ETA | Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state |
| Democratization | Occurs when a sovereign state moves from a non-democracy to a democracy |
| Supranationalism | Occurs when a collection of nation-states and their citizens relinquish some sovereign rights to a larger-scale body that exercises authority over its member states |
| Supranational Organization | International political body that nation-states establish in cooperation with their neighbors for mutual political, military, economic, or cultural gain |
| United Nations (UN) | International organization that is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and harmonizing the actions of nations |
| European Union (EU) | A political, economic, and social union of 28 independent European countries that promotes the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital among its members |
| African Union (AU) | A continental organization of African states that seeks to drive Africa’s growth and economic development through cooperation and integration of member states |
| Arctic Council | An international governmental forum that promotes interaction among the Arctic states and indigenous communities on common Arctic issues, particularly sustainable development and environmental protection |
| Regional Trading Block | A multi-country agreement that reduces or eliminates taxes to promote the free flow of goods and services across international borders |
| Economies of Scale | Cost advantages that can come with a larger scale of operations |
| USMCA | A 1994 trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico; revised as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2020 |
| ASEAN | A regional intergovernmental organization comprising 10 countries in Southeast Asia to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region |
| NATO | An intergovernmental military alliance among 29 North American and European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members |
| Failed State | A state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control |
| Uneven Development | Occurs when core states have advanced economies and a high standard of living while peripheral states have relatively little industrial development, simple production systems based on raw materials, and low levels of consumption of manufactured goods |
| Allegiance | Loyalty or commitment to a country |
| Equitable Infrastructure | The construction and improvement of foundational services such as access to energy resources throughout the country |
| Cultural Cohesion | Cultural unity; occurs when the members of a society are culturally united |
| Iconography | A set of traditional symbols or symbolic forms associated with a country and its citizens |
Created by:
vasundhara.varadarajan