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Biology
Biology Class 10 CISCE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lifespan of RBCs | 120 days |
| Why does an RBC lack nucleus | To give biconcave shape for moving through capillaries and increasing capacity for carrying oxygen |
| Functions of roots | Fixes plant giving it support, absorbs water and mineral nutrients, transports them into stems . |
| Need for water in plants | Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Transportation and Mechanical stiffness |
| Characteristic of Roots for absorbing water | large surface area due to root hairs and rootlets, root hair having cell sap of higher conc than surrounding soil water, thin walls |
| Imbibition | absorption of water by living and dead plant cells by surface attractions |
| 2 hydrophilic substances | cellulose and proteins |
| Reason for bursting of seed coat in germinating seeds | Imbibition and turgor create great force. |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules of a substance from their region of higher conc to their region of lower conc when the two are in direct contact. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water molecules from its region of higher conc to its region of lower conc through a semi permeable membrane |
| Endosmosis | Inward movement of wtare molecules through a semipermeable membrane when the solution surrounding the cell is less concentrated. causes swelling |
| Exosmosis | outward movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane when the solution surrounding the cell is more concentrated. causes shrinkage |
| 4 semipermeable substances | cellophane paper, animal bladder, visking bag, egg membrane |
| Semipermeable membrane | one which allows passage of molecules selectively. allows solvent molecules but not solute molecules. |
| When does osmosis end? | Theoretically when the tonicity on both sides is the same. But the increasing in height and weight of the rising column reduces osmosis. water molecules tend to push upward through the semipermeable membrane but the pressure from above pushes it down. |
| Tonicity | Relative conc of soln that determines the direction and extent of diffusion. |
| Isotonic - definition, type of osmosis and difference seen in cells | Relative conc of solute and solvent on either side of the cell membrane is equal. No net movement. No change. |
| Hypertonic - definition, type of osmosis and difference seen in cells | Solution outside the cell has a higher conc of solute than the fluids inside the cell. Exosmosis.. Shrinkage of cell. |
| Hypotonic - definition, type of osmosis and difference seen in cells | Solution outside the cell has lesser conc of solutes than the fluids inside the cell. Endosmosis. Swells up |
| Osmotic Pressure | Minimum pressure to be eterted to prevent the passage of pure solvent into the soln when the two are seperated by a semi permeable membrane . |
| Active transport | Movement of molecules of a substance from its region of lower conc to its region of higher conc through a living cell membrane using the enrgy from the cell. |
| Difference between diffusion, osmosis and active transport in term of speed , type of membrane and gradient | Diffusion - rapid in gases, slow in soln | with or without membrane | high to low Osmosis- slow | with living/dead semipermeable membrane | high to low Active Transport - rapid | living semipermeable | low to high |
| Wall pressure vs. Turgor pressure | cell content of cell wall - turgor pressure cell wall on cell content - wall pressure |
| Turgidity | The state of a cell when the cell wall is rigid and stretched due to an increase in the volume of vacuoles due to absorption of water. |
| Flaccidity | Condition of a cell when it is shrunken and no more tight |
| Plasmolysis | Contraction of the cytoplasm from the cell wall due to the withdrawal of water when the cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. |
| Uses of Turgidity | 1.Provides rigidity to soft tissues. 2. Helps to push through the hard ground. 3. Turgor in root cells creates root pressure 4. Helps in the opening and closing of the stomata 5.Turgor movement in plants like mimosa pudica. |
| Name 2 plant parts that droop when flaccid | Petiole and lamina |
| What causes wilting of leaves in afternoon? | In the afternoon the amt of water lost through transpiration from the aerial parts of the plants is higher than the amt of water absorbed by the roots. This causes the loss of turgidity of the leaves and therefore they loose their rigidity. |
| Why is meat salted to preserve it? | To kill the bacteria as the salt causes plasmolysis and water is drawn out of the bacterial cells |
| Why do walls/concrete/building near the roots of trees crack? | Due to turgor pressure of roots |
| Root Pressure | The pressure developed in the roots due to continued inward movement of water through cell to cell osmosis which helps in the ascent of cell sap through the stem. |
| How does the opening of stomata work? | The guard cells of stomata have thinner walls on side opposite to stoma. Due to certain chemical changes, the osmotic pressure of the guard cells increase therefore it absorbs more water from the neighboring cells and become turgid and aperture widens. |
| Name the part of the leaf that loses turgor in mimosa pudica when touched | Pulvinus at the base of petioles |
| A basement filled with grains have cracks after floods. why? | Imbibition and turgor create great force. |
| The state of a cell when it cannot accommodate anymore water | Turgidity |
| Recovery or reversal of plasmolysis | Deplasmolysis |
| state of plasmolysed cell after re-entry of water | turgid |
| Which plant is used for experiments to show absorption of water by roots? | Balsam |
| Salt and water travel ________ through ________ and food travels ________ through ________ in plants. | upward, xylem, up and down, phloem |
| Ringing experiment where the central part of the stem is kept intact while the outer ring/phloem and cambium is removed. | Girdling |
| Forces contributing to ascent of sap | 1. Root Pressure 2.Capillarity/Capillary force 3.Transpirational Pull 4.Adhesion |
| Cohesion | Molecular attraction by which the particles of a substance remain united throughout the mass. |
| How much of the water absorbed is used for photosynthesis | 2% |
| Transpiration | Loss of water in the form of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant. |
| Color change in cobalt chloride paper when exposed to moisture | Blue to pink |
| Name 2 methods of measuring transpiration. | Weighing method, Potometer method |
| Weighing method of measuring transpiration | A light weight pot covered to prevent evaporation can be weighed before and after a certain period of time |
| Potometer | Device used to measure water intake of a plant and this water is almost equal to the water lost through transpiration |
| 2 potometers that help measure rate of water intake | Ganong's potometer and farmer's potometer. |
| Potometer used to demonstrate suction force created by transpiration. | Darwin's potometer |
| Garreau's Potometer | Used to demonstrate the unequal rates of transpiration from the two sides of a dorsiventral leaf |
| Name a plant suitable to be used to study transpiration using a potometer | Coleus |
| How can an air bubble be introduced in a potometer? | By lifting the bent capillary tube above the colored water to allow the air to get sucked in due to suction pull and then again dipped into water. |
| How can the potometer experiment repeated? | By releasing some water from the reservoir into the capillary tube by opening the stop cock to bring the air bubble back to its original position. |
| Precautions while using a potometer | 1. It should be made completely water tight. 2. The twig must be cut obliquely under running water to prevent entry of air bubble which will stop absorption of water through xylem. |
| Limitations in the use of a potometer | 1. Introducing the air bubble is not easy. 2. Twig may not remain fully alive for a long time 3. Any changes in the outside temperature will affect he position of the air bubble |
| Types of transpiration | Cuticular- directly from leaf and stem surface, Lenticular - from lenticels which are the openings on old woody stems and Stomatal - from leaves through stomata |
| Stomata | minute openings on the epidermal layers of the leaf |
| Primary function of stomata | intake of CO_2 for photosynthesis |
| No. of stomata | 1000 - 10000 per cubic cm. |
| Name the process that causes stomatal transpiration | Diffusion |
| Explain the process of stomatal transpiration | Spongy mesophyll cells exposed to intercellular spaces, thing film of water, evaporates, saturates air in intercellular spaces, diffuses to connecting intercellular spaces, finally reaches substomatal space, escapes through stomata |
| Transpirational pull can can draw water up to _____ meters in tall trees | 50 |
| More transpiration occurs from the ____ side of a _____ leaf. Why? | Under / Ventral/ Abaxial , Dicot Larger no. of stomatal openings on the undersurface. |
| Name a plant that wilts during midday | Balsam |
| Why is stomatal transpiration different from lenticular and cuticular? | It can be controlled by adjusting the size of the stomata |
| Cuticle - Definition, relation to transpiration and primary function | waxy layer secreted by the epidermis of the leaf on both sides of the leaf. greater the thickness of the cuticle lesser the transpiration priary function is to prevent evaporation of water |
| Lenticels | Openings on the surface/barks of old woody stems |
| Openings in plants that never close | Lenticels |
| Arrange stomata, cuticle and lenticels in ascending order of rate of transpiration | L<C<S |
| Small opening surrounded by two bean shaped guard cells | Stomata |
| Name external factors that affect transpiration and mention how | 1. Intensity of light : direct 2. Temperature : direct 3. Velocity of wind : direct 4. Humidity : indirect 5. Carbon dioxide : indirect 6. Atmospheric pressure : indirect |
| Internal factor that affects transpiration | water content of leaves : if it decreases, leaves wilt and transpiration reduces indirectly due to closure of stomata. |
| Mention adaptive measures against transpiration | 1. Sunken stomata 2. Reduced stomata 3. Reduced surface area 4. Loss of leaves 5. Thick cuticle 6. Narrow leaves |
| Name a plant with sunken stomata and narrow leaves | Nerium |
| Name a plant with thick cuticle | Banyan |
| At intense heat _______ are destroyed. | Enzymes |
| Significance of Transpiration | 1. Cooling Effect 2. Suction Forces 3. Distribution of water and minerals |
| Why is transpiration not considered an excretory process? | Excretion is a deliberate active process when an organism to remove the unwanted metabolic nitrogenous wastes. |
| _________ increases moisture in the atmosphere and brings ______ | Transpiration rain |
| Why are forests important in bringing rainfall? | Transpiration from trees increases moisture in the atmosphere and brings rain. |
| _______ is a physical change while __________ is a partly physical process of a plant. | Evaporation Transpiration |
| Differentiate between Evaporation and Transpiration in terms of speed | Evaporation - rapid process Transpiration - slow process |
| Exudation, exudate | The loss of water or other fluids with dissolved substances directly in liquid form and not as water vapor is called exudation. this fluid is called exudate. |
| Hydathodes | Special pore bearing structures in the margins of leaves. |
| Guttation | Loss of water as droplets through hydathodes along the margins of leaves in mornings. |
| Name 3 plants which exhibit guttation | Banana, Nasturtium, Strawberry |
| Bleeding | Plant sap escapes or bleeds from the cut or ruptured surface of the plant |
| ________ assists in bleeding. | Root pressure |
| Differentiate between guttation and bleeding | fig. 5.3 |
| Differentiate between guttation and transpiration | fig. 5.4 |
| Photosynthesis | Process by which living plants containing chlorophyll produce food substances from carbon dioxide and water using light energy |
| By product of Photosynthesis | Oxygen |
| Importance of Photosynthesis | 1. Provides food: all organism get energy and food from plants either directly or indirectly. 2. Oxygen to breathe : Photosynthesis is the only biological process that releases oxygen into the atmosphere |
| The only biological process that releases oxygen | Photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment found in plants |
| Chloroplast | Microscopic organelles found in the form of minute oval bodies bounded by a double membrane. |
| Thylakoids | closely packed flattened sacs in the interior of the chloroplast |
| Grana | Thylakoids arranged in piles |
| Stroma | Colorless ground substance in which the grana of chloroplast lies |
| No. of chloroplasts per cell and per sq.mm of leaf | 40-50 5,00,000 |
| The pigment chlorophyll is located in the _______ | walls of thylakoids |
| Location of chloroplast | in the mesophyll cells between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves, guard cells of stomata and stem of young plants |
| 2 most abundant types of chlorophyll | chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b |
| How many types of chlorophyll are there | 9 |
| Why does the grass growing in shade turn yellow? | Due to non-formation of new chlorophyll due to the disintegration of old ones in the absence of light. |
| ________ is the price the plant pays for photosynthesis | Transpiration |
| Explain the Potassium Ion Concentration theory | Chloroplast - photosynthesis - produces ATP - actively pumps K+ from neighboring epidermal cells into guard cells - becomes hypertonic - endosmosis - turgid - bulges- stomata opens. reverse at night |
| _________ in a leaf are the principal centres of Photosynthesis | Mesophyll cells |
| _______ cells trap sunlight. | Palisade mesophyll |
| Write balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis | 6CO_2+12H_20 --(light energy and chlorophyll)----C_6H_12O_6 + 6H_2O + 6O_2 |
| Light dependent phase is also called | Hills reaction phase, light reaction phase, photochemical phase |
| Why is light dependent phase called photochemical phase? | A number of chemical reactions occur in very quick succession initiated by light energy. |
| The light reaction takes place in the _____ | thylakoids |
| The chlorophyll on exposure to light becomes activated due to absorption of ______ | photons |
| Photolysis | Occurs in the grana of chloroplast and is defined as the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen in the presence of light |
| splitting by light | photolysis |
| NADP | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
| NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate |
| Reduced NADP | NADPH |
| ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| End products of photolysis | 1. NADP picks up H+ ions and gets reduced to NADPH 2. Oxygen is released as oxygen molecule 3. The electrons are used in converting ADP to ATP by addition of a phosphate group. |
| Phosphorylation | Conversion of ADP into ATP using energy by addition of a phosphate group. |
| Photophosphorylation | Conversion of ADP into ATP using light energy by addition of a phosphate group |
| Light Independent Phase is also called | Biosynthetic phase, Calvin Benson cycle, Dark phase |
| Chemical name of cane sugar | Disaccharide/double sugar |
| Polymerisation | The process of conversion of many smaller and simpler molecules into a complex, bigger molecule . |
| Name two plants other than Nerium which have narrow leaves to reduce transpiration | Oleander, pine |
| Mention adaptations in plants for photosynthesis | 1. Larger surface area 2. Arrangement of leaves at right angles 3. Numerous stomata 4. Cuticle and upper epidermis are transparent and waterproof 5. Thinness of leaves 6. Chloroplasts are concentrated in upper layers 7. Extensive vein system |
| Mention 4 ways in which glucose in used by a plant | 1. immediately used by the plant 2. stored in the form of insoluble starch 3. converted into sucrose 4. used in synthesis of fats and proteins |
| ___________ produced in photosynthesis is re-utilized in continuance of photosynthesis | water |
| Photorespiration | Oxygen is used by leaf cells to respire |
| Name 3 external factors affecting photosynthesis | 1. Light energy and CO_2 conc. 2. Temperature 3. Water content |
| Optimum temperature for photosynthesis | 35*C |
| Maximum temperature for photosynthesis after which it stops | 40*C |
| Main way in which plants respond to hormones is ________ | growth |
| The phytohormones help to stretch ______ walls of ______ cells to facilitate cell division | cellulose meristematic |
| Plant hormones are called | Phytohormones |
| Who first used the term hormone in plants? | William Bayliss and Earnest Starling - 1902 |
| The term Auxin was first coined by ____ | F.W Went |
| Auxins are not effective at low conc. True or False | False |
| Name the main natural auxin found in plants | IAA |
| IAA | Indole-3 acetic acid |
| Auxins promote cell growth by ____ | cell elongation |
| Hormone which induces cell wall relaxing or loosening | Auxin |
| Apical Dominance | The phenomenon of suppression of growth of lateral buds by apical buds. |
| Name two plants in which rooting can be observed | Rose, Bougainvillea |
| Parthenocarpy | Formation of fruit without fertilization |
| Name 3 Parthenocarpic fruits | Banana, Apple, Tomatoes |
| Functions of auxins | 1.It promotes growth by cell elongation 2. It delays leaf senescence 3. It promotes growth of apical buds and inhibits growth of lateral buds 4. It promotes rooting in some plants 5. It induces parthenocarpy |
| Most studied form of Gibberellins | Gibberellic acid [GA3] |
| Bolting | Growth at internodes by cell elongation |
| 2 Hormones that breaks seed dormancy | Gibberellins, Cytokinin |
| Name 2 Hormones that induce parthenocarpy | Auxins and Gibberellins |
| Name 2 hormone that delays leaf senescence | Auxins and Gibberellins |
| Hormone used to elongate and improve the shapes of fruits | Gibberellins |
| Why is Gibberellin used in the brewing industry? | To speed up the malting process |
| Functions of Gibberellins | 1. It induces bolting 2. It delays leaf senescence 3. It breaks seed dormancy and promotes germination 4. It induces parthenocarpy 5. Used in industries to elongate fruits and speed up malting process |
| Large amounts of Cytokinin is found in _______ | Germinating seeds, developing fruits and embryo |
| Name the hormone that produces plant growth by cell division | Cytokinin |
| Name the hormone that causes expansion of cotyledons | Cytokinin |
| Hormone that promote chlorophyll synthesis in chloroplasts | Cytokinin |
| Hormone that inhibits apical dominance | Cytokinin |
| Cytokinin was discovered by __________ | Skoog and Miller in 1950s |
| Function of cytokinin | 1. Causes plant growth by cell division 2. Expansion of cotyledons in seeds 3.Delays leaf senescence and promotes production of chlorophyll in chloroplast 4.Inhibits apical dominance 5. Break seed dormancy and promote germination |
| Hormone which is a gas at room temperature | Ethylene |
| What makes ethylene different from other hormones? | Their site of synthesis and action are the same. |
| Who discovered ethylene | R. Gane |
| Why do bananas become ripe when placed with oranges? | Ethylene |
| Two negative processes supported by Ethylene | Reduction in stem elongation and acceleration of leaf senescence |
| Hormone that induces ripening of fruits | Ethylene |
| Hormone that initiates germination in peanuts | Ethylene |
| Ethylene induces germination in _______ | Peanuts |
| Ethylene causes sprouting of ________ | Potato tuber |
| Hormone that promotes root hair formation | Ethylene |
| Hormone that induces flowering in mango | Ethylene |
| Functions of Ethylene | 1. Ripening of fruits 2.Germination of peanuts 3.Sprouting of potato tuber 4. Flowering of mango 5. Promotes root hair formation |
| Which is the most widely used plant growth hormone in agriculture | Ethylene |
| Growth Retarding hormone | Abscisic acid |
| ABA | Abscisic acid |
| ABA is found in _____ | gymnosperms, angiosperms, pteridophytes and mosses |
| ______ and ________ contain highest ABA | Fruits and seeds |
| Hormone that induces seed dormancy | ABA |
| Why does ABA induce seed dormancy ? | To withstand desiccation and other unfavorable conditions |
| 2 Hormones that promote leaf senescence | Ethylene and ABA |
| Hormone that causes abscission of leaves | ABA |
| Stress hormone in plants | ABA |
| Hormone that stimulates closure of stomata | ABA |
| Functions of ABA | 1. Growth inhibitor by slowing down plant's metabolism 2. Accelerates senescence and induces abscission 3. Induces seed dormancy 4. Induces closure of stomata and prepares plant for stresses. |
| Tropism | Response in direction of stimulus in plants |
| Tropic Movements | Growth movements occurring in response unidirectional external stimuli in plants |
| Phototropism | Movement towards light |
| Hormone that plays a role in tropic movements | Auxin |
| Geotropism | Growth towards the earths gravity |
| Geotropism is also called | Gravitropism |
| What is a clinostat? | It is an instrument that allows a potted plant to rotate at a slow speed. |
| Why does a plant in a rotating clinostat not show any bending? | Because all parts are equally exposed to the stimuli |
| Hydrotropism | Movement in response to water or moisture |
| Thigmotropism | Growth in response to touch stimulus |
| Name 3 plants that show thigmotropism | Cuscuta, Sweet peas and vines |
| Which stimulus is more effective : water or gravity? | Water |
| Chemotropism | Movement in response to chemicals |
| The neck canal cells of female gametophytes secrete __________ | peptones and sugars |
| Give an example of chemotropism | Pollen tube of angiosperms and gymnosperms move towards peptones and sugars secreted by neck canal cells of female gametophyte. |
| Name a plant whose tentacles move towards nutrition [chemotropism] | Drosera |
| Fungi moving towards areas with richer food is an example of ________ | chemotropism |
| Heliotropism | Movement in response to sunlight |
| Why are sunflowers heliotropic? | Because they contain auxins that are sensitive to light. |
| DNA organized into discrete units | chromosomes |
| Chromatin | Complex of DNA and proteins |
| appearance of chromosome when not in cell division | very long extremely thin darkly stained |
| Why are chromosomes called so? | Because when they are condensed and easily distinguishable as separate chromosomes they readily pick up dyes and become coloured. |
| Chromosomes | highly coiled ribbon like structures formed by the condensation of chromatin fibres during cell division |
| Chromosomes were first studied by ______ | Walther Flemming, German scientist in 1882 |
| Composition of chromatin | DNA-40% Histones-60% |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Who studied the molecular structure of DNA? | Rosalind Franklin 1953 |
| Who proposed the structure of DNA | Watson and Crick |
| Structure of DNA | Double stranded helical structure |
| Why is DNA referred to as a macromolecule? | Because a single DNA molecule is very big |
| Each DNA strand is made up of repeating _______ | nucleotides |
| Composition of nucleotides | Nitrogenous base, Pentose sugars and Phosphate group |
| Explain the structure of nucleotides | The nitrogenous bases are attached to the sugars inward and extend to join by hydrogen bonds the complementary nitrogenous bases from the other strand thus creating a ladder like structure. |
| What bond exists between complementary nitrogenous bases? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Name the 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases in DNA | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine |
| Name the nitrogenous base pairs | Adenine and Thymine - 2 bonds Guanine and Cytosine - 3 bonds |
| Histones | proteins that help in the coiling and packing of DNA into structural units called nucleosomes |
| Histone Octamer | DNA strands wind around a core of 8 histone proteins. This core is known as the histone octamer. |
| Nucleosome | The complex consisting of DNA strands wound around a histone octamer |
| Name the two kinds of nucleic acids | DNA RNA |
| Name the two category of nitrogenous bases | Purines Pyrimidines |
| Name the 2 purines | Adenine Guanine |
| Name the 3 Pyrimidines | Thymine Cytosine Uracil |
| Name the Nitrogenous bases in RNA | Adenine , Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil |
| Basic structural and functional unit of DNA/RNA | Nucleotide |
| Basic structural and functional unit of chromosomes | Nucleosome |
| Centromere | Point of attachment of two sister chromatids |
| Functions of centromere | 1. Point of attachment of sister chromatids 2. Helps to attach to spindle fibres during cell didvision 3. Helps in separation of sister chromatids their movement towards different poles |
| Chromatid | One vertical half of a duplicated chromosome is called chromatid |
| Sister Chromatids | Two identical chromatids joined at the centromere |
| Genes | They are speciifc sequences of nucleotides on chromosomes that encode particular proteins which are expressed in the form of particular features of the body |
| Units of heredity | Genes |
| Need for new cells | 1. For Growth 2. For Replacement 3. For repair 4. For Reproduction |
| Name a plant in which meiosis occurs | Banyan |
| Cell Cycle | Series of events that take place in a cell leading up to the duplication of its DNA and subsequent division into daughter cells. |
| Name the two phases of cell cycle | 1. Non-dividing phase or Interphase 2. Dividing phase/M-phase/Mitosis |
| Describe the cells in interphase | The daughter nuclei from a mother cell that have a full sized nucleus but relatively less cytoplasm i |
| Why was Interphase known as Resting Phase? | Because no change in chromosomes was visible externally but it is not true as the cell is sythesising more DNA |
| Name the 3 phases of Interphase | First Growth Phase Synthesis Phase Second Growth Phase |
| Explain First Growth Phase of Interphase | RNA and proteins and synthesized and volume of cytoplasm increases. Mitochondria, chloroplast divides they have their own DNA. late G1 Phase the cells choose either to withdraw from cell division and enter a resting phase or move on to synthesis phase |
| Explain Synthesis Phase of Interphase | More RNA and Proteins are synthesized and chromosomes get duplicated |
| Which growth phase is shorter: G1 or G2? | G2 |
| Explain Second Growth Phase of Interphase | This is the shorter growth phase where more RNA required for cell division is synthesized. The cell is ready for cell division and enters the dividing phase. |
| Explain how DNA gets duplicated | The double helix opens at one end making 2 strands free to which new strands begin form and this process continues till the whole length of DNA is duplicated |
| Name 4 types of cell that are permanent [no cell division] in our body | Nerve cells in cerebral cortex, muscle cells, cells of the eye lens and brain |
| Bone cells are replaced ever _____ in adults | 10 years |
| Lifespan of epithelial cells in our gut | 5 days |
| Lifespan of liver cells | 1-2 years |
| Skin cells are replaced ever __________ | 2 weeks |
| Uncontrolled cell cycle leads to | Tumors that may or may not be cancerous |
| Name the two types of cell division | Mitosis Meiosis |
| Mitosis | It is the cell division in which a parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells |
| In ________the same normal number of chromosomes is maintained at each level of cell division | Mitosis |
| Name the phases of Mitosis | Karyokinesis Cytokinesis |
| Name 4 phases of Karyokinesis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| Chromosomes become thick and short and clearly visible in which phase of mitosis? | Prophase |
| What feature is seen in animal cells alone during prophase? | The centrosome divides which the simultaneous duplication of centrioles contained in them. The centrioles occupy opposite poles and are surrounding by radiating rays called asters. A number of fibres appear between centroles known as spindle fibres. |
| Features of Prophase | 1. Chromosomes thick short visble 2. they duplicate-sister chromatids 3. Joined -centromere 4. The centrosome spilts, centrioles duplicate, occupy poles, surrounded by asters 5. spindle fibre bw centrioles 6. nucleolus and nuclar membrane disappear |
| Features of Metaphase | 1. The duplicated chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane 2. Each chromosome gets attached to a spindle fibre at the centromere |
| Features of Anaphase | 1. The centromere connecting the two chromatids divide 2. The two sister chromatids are seperated and drawn to the opposite poles by the contraction of spindle fibres |
| Features of Telophase | 1.Each chromatid in a daughter cell elongates , becaomes thinner and turns into chromatin fibres 2.Nuclear membrane reappears 3. Nucleolus reappears 4. Cell contents randomly distributed in cytoplasm |
| Cytokinesis | At the end of telophase a furrow appears in the cell membrane in the middle which deepens and finally splits the cytoplasm into two |
| Differentiate between Mitosis in plants and Animals | Fig. 2.1 |
| Significance of Mitosis | 1. Growth 2. Repair 3. Replacement 4. Asexual reproduction 5. Maintains normal no. of chromosomes in daughter cells |
| Name 2 organelles that have their own DNA | Mitochondria Chloroplast |
| Name 2 organelles that have their own ribosomes | Mitochondria Chloroplast |
| Mitochondria and Chloroplast divide by | simple cell division |
| Meiosis | The kind of cell division which produces the sex cells or gametes. It takes place in the testis and ovary to give sperm and ova or in the anthers and ovary to give pollen grans and ovules |
| The kind of cell division in which the number of chromosome is halved | Meiosis |
| Diploid no. is denoted as | 2n |
| Haploid no. is denoted as | n |
| Why must there be haploid no. of cells in sex cells | So that on fertilization, the diploid no. of chromosomes can be restored in zygote |
| Name the two stages of meiosis | Meiosis I - Reduction division Meiosis II - Mitotic division |
| The ______ phase is absent in Meiosis. The _______phase of Meiosis I corresponds with the G2 phase of mitosis. | G1 Prophase |
| Significance of Meiosis | 1.The number of chromosomes is halved so that on fertilization normal no. is restored 2. Mixing of genetic material as maternal and paternal chromosomes get mixed up during reduction division when they are separated from the homologous pairs |
| Chiasma | Point of attachment between two non sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes formed during meiosis |
| Crossing Over | The process of exchange of genetic material during meiosis between two non sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis with reference to location, no. of cell formed and no. of chromosomes passed on | Mitosis - somatic/ vegetative parts, 2 cells, diploid Meiosis - reproductive, 4 cells, haploid |
| The identity of chromosomes and genes are _____ in daughter cells formed by mitosis . In _________the genes are randomly assorted. | Identical Meiosis |
| What causes loss of chlorophyll in plants? | Nutritional deficiencies |
| Mention internal factors that affect Photosynthesis | 1. Chlorophyll : less no. due to deficiency=less sunlight trapped. 2. Protoplasm : dehydration or accumulation of carbohydrates reduces 3. Leaf structure : thickness of cuticle etc |
| CAM Pathway | Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Pathway |
| Name 4 plants that photosynthesize at night | Aloe Vera, Neem, Peepal, Tulsi |
| Destarched plant | A plant whos leaves are free from starch |
| How is a plant destarched? | By placing in dark for at least 24-48 hours |
| Why are leaves boiled? | To kill the cells |
| Why are leaves boiled in mythelated spirit? What will you observe? | To remove chlorophyll Leaf becomes pale |
| Why is leaf boiled in methylated spirit placed in hot water? | To soften it |
| What soln. is used to test for starch? | Iodine solution |
| What are the observations when Iodine solution is added to a leaf? | With starch - blue black No starch - Brown |
| Name 3 plants with variegated leaves | Coleus, Geranium, Croton |
| Why is KOH used in an experiment to show that CO_2 is necessary for photosynthesis? | KOH absorbs CO_2 |
| Name 2 water plants used for photosynthesis experiment | Hydrilla Elodeus |
| Carbon Cycle | A series of chemical reaction where carbon as an element is removed from air, used by living organsims for their body processes and finally returned to air |
| Name the steps of the carbon cycle | 1. Photosynthesis 2. Food Chain 3. Respiration 4. Decay 5. Combustion 6. Burning of limestones |
| Excretion | process of removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous wastes from our body |
| _____plays a role in maintaining the homeostatic condition of the body | Excretion |
| Name the major substances that must be excreted | 1. Water and CO_2 2.Nitrogenous wastes 3. Excess salts 4. Excess water 5.Bile pigments |
| Name the major nitrogenous wastes | Ammonia, urea, uric acid |
| How are nitrogenous wastes formed? | Formed in the liver. They are the dead protein remains of other tissues brought to the liver. |
| How is urea formed? | Excess amino acids are brought to the liver where it is broken down into usable glucose and urea that has to be excreted by the kidney. |
| Name two bile pigments | Biliverdin, Bilirubin |
| How are bile pigments formed? | They are formed by the breakdown of RBCs in the liver. The liver cells secrete this into the bile juice before it is poured into the duodenum. |
| What gives faeces the yellow brown colour? | Presence of bile pigments |
| Name the primary excretory organ | Kidney |
| Accessory excretory organs | Organs whos main function is not excretion |
| Name 3 accessory excretory organs | Skin, Lungs , Liver |
| Location of kidneys | Kidneys are two bean shaped organs about 10 cm long and 6 cm wide located on either side of the backbone protected by the last to pair of ribs |
| Why is the right side kidney lower than the other one | To accommodate liver |
| Location of ureter | They are tubes arise from the notch or hilum in the median surface of each kidney and connects behind with the urinary baldder in the lower region of the abdomen |
| Pelvis | The front end of the ureter expands into the kidney to form the pelvis |
| The finely striped substances arranged in the medulla of the kidney | Conical pyramids |
| The apex of the conical pyramids that project into the pelvis of the kidney | Papilla |
| Renal Columns | Portions of the cortex extend between each adjacent renal pyramid |
| Structural and Functional units of kidneys | Nephron, Renal tubules, kidney tubules, uriniferous tubules |
| Bowmans capsule | A thin walled cup like structure resembling a hollow ball pressed deep on one side |
| Glomerulus | The knot like mass of blood capillaries lodged in the concavity of the bowmans capsule |
| Bowmans capsule + Glomerulus | Malpighian capsule/renal capsule |
| Starting convoluted region of the kidney tubules | PCT |
| Middle U shaped part of a kidney tubule that resembles a hair pin | Loop of Henle |
| The _________enters the medulla of the kidney and re-enters the cortex | Loop of Henle |
| The end part of the kidney tubule | DCT |
| Function of collecting duct | Collects contents of many renal tubules and pours it as urine into the pelvis of the kidney |
| What gives the cortex the dotted appearance? | Presence of PCT, DCT and renal capsule |
| What give striped appearance of medulla | Presence of collecting duct and Henle's loop |
| Length of kidney tubules | 4-5cm |
| Total no. of kidney tubules in both kidneys | 2 mil |
| Blood vessel entering glomerulus | Afferent arteriole |
| Blood vessel leaving glomerulus | Efferent arteriole |
| The capillary network surrounding renal tubule | Vasa Recta |
| Explain the blood supply to kidney tubules | Dorsal aorta - renal artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arterioles - vasa recta - renal vein - posterior vena cava |
| Name the three steps in production of urine | 1. Ultrafiltration 2. Reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion |
| Ultrafiltration | Blood flows with great pressure in capillaries as the efferent arteriole is narrower than the afferent arteriole and thus due to the high pressure the liquid part of the blood is filtered out. This filtration under extraordinary force is ultrafiltration. |
| Reason for greater pressure in the renal capillaries than elsewhere | efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole |
| Glomerular filtrate | The liquid part of blood filtered out through ultrafiltration that enters the renal tubule throw the funnel shaped cavity of the bowmans capsule |
| Blood taken away from malpighian capsule is thicker. Why? | After ultrafiltration the concentration of proteins, corpuscles and other large molecules in the blood are more compared to conc. of plasma . |
| Why is the glomerular filtrate not urine? | Because it contains useful substances like water, glucose and salts of sodium which are reabsorbed by PCT, DCT and Henle's Loop |
| Selective Absorption | The reabsorption of useful materials in the renal tubules to an extent so as to not disturb the normal concentration of the blood |
| Tubular secretions | Certain substances like potassium ions and other foreign substances including drugs like penicillin are passed into the forming urine in the DCT. This involves the use of energy from the tubular walls. |
| Urine | The filtrate left after reabsorption and tubular secretion. |
| The waves on constriction in the ureters that help in passing of urine | Ureteral Peristalsis |
| Micturition/Urination | Process if excretion of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra by therelaxation of the sphincter muscles at the opening of the urinary baldder into the urethra at an impulse from the brain. |
| Pigment that gives urine yellow colour | Urochrome |
| Volume of urine | 1-1.5 L |
| Protein diet makes urine more _________ while a vegetable diet makes it more ___________ | acidic alkaline |
| pH of urine is _____ | 5-8 |
| Why does urine have a strong ammonia like odour on standing? | due to bacterial activity |
| urine - _______% water, _____%solid wastes | 95 5 |
| Name organic constituents of urine | Uric acid Urea Creatinine |
| Name inorganic constituents of urine | Ammonia Sodium chloride Potassium Chloride |
| Urine is tasteless. What disease is the person suffering from and why? | Diabetes insipidus ADH deficiency |
| Blood is passed out through urine. What is the disease? | Haematuria |
| What causes haematuria? | infection in urinary tract, kindey stones, tumor |
| What is glycosuria? What causes it? | Excess glucose passes with urine diabetes mellitus |
| What is albuminuria | Albumin proteins passing through urine |
| Name a disease cause by high blood pressure, or increased permeability of bowmans capsule membrane or bacterial infection | albuminuria |
| Why may liver contain bile pigments? | Hepatitis, anaemia or liver cirrhosis |
| Osmoregulation | Regulation of salt, water and osmotic pressure in the blood |
| Uremia | Accumulation of large amounts of urea in our body |
| Diuresis | Increased production of urine |
| Diuretics | Substances that increase production of urine |
| Hormone that regulates conc. of urine by water reabsorption | ADH/Vasopressin |
| What causes a gout? | Uric acid which is less soluble in water may get crystalized and get deposited in the joints |
| Substances that cause Kidney stones | Excessive uric acid and calcium oxalate |
| Dialysis machine is an _______ | Artificial kidney |
| How does a dialysis machine work? | The patients blood is led from a radial artery into the machine for purification after which it is returned to a vein in the same arm |
| How often should dialysis be performed on a person with permanently damaged kidneys | 12 hrs twice a week |
| Need For Nervous System | 1. It makes us aware of our surroundings using sense organgs 2. It helps us think remember and rason 3. It controls involuntary actuons of our body 4. It controls and harmonises volutary actions and muscle movements |
| Name the 3 main parts of neuron | Axon, dendrites, cyton |
| What is the cell body of neuron called? | Cyton, Perikaryon |
| Name the cell organelle absent from neurons. Why? | Centrosome It has lost the ability to didvide |
| Dendrites | Branched cytoplasmic projections from the cell body |
| function of dendrites | conduct nerve impulses to cyton |
| Name the covering of axon and its outer covering | Myelin sheath Neurolemma |
| Nodes of Ranvier | The gaps shown my the medullary sheath along the length of the axon |
| Collaterals of axons | side branches of axons |
| Where are neurotransmitters lcated? | At the end of axons, stored in the swollen bulb like structure |
| Response | change in organism resulting due to stimulus |
| Impulse | wave of irritability/electrical disturbance that sweeps over the nerve cell |
| Receptors | Specialised epithelial cells which on receiving stimulus sets up a wave of impulse to the CNS |
| Effector | Muscles or glands which on receiving impulse from the CNS contract or secrete substances |
| Polarised state | the presence of a positive charge outside the nerve fibres due to the presence of more Na+ ions outside the axon membrane |
| Depolarisation | Due to an impulse, the axon membrane becaomes more permeable to the Na+ ions which will move inside. This causes loss of polarisation |
| Repolarisation | The area which had been depolarised becomes polarised again as the impulse moves to the next area by the active transport of Na+ back outside the axon membrane. |
| Sodium Pump | Active transport of Na+ ions to the outside of the axon membrane during repolarisation using ATP |
| Synapse | The point of contact between the terminal branches of the axon of a neuron and the dendrites of anoyther neuron separated by a fine gap |
| Name the chemical used for transmitting nerve impulses from one neuron to another | Acetylcholine |
| Name the 3 types of Neurons | Sensory - receptor to CNS Motor - CNS To muscles or glands Association - connects sensory and motor |
| Nerves | Bundles of nerve fibres or axons of different neurons emclosed in a tubular sheath |
| Name the kinds of Nerves | Sensory -sensory neurons Motor - mottor neurons Mixed- both |
| Ganglia | aggregates of cytons of neurons from which the axons may arise or enter into |
| Name 2 types of Nervous system | CNS PNS |
| Name 2 types of PNS | Somatic - conveys info to voluntary muscles Autonomic - ganglia and nerves control involuntray actions of internal organs |
| Bone that protects the brain | Cranium, Brain box |
| Meninges | Protective membrane covering the brain with 3 layers |
| Explain the 3 layers of Meninges | 1. Dura Mater: outermost, tough, fibrous membrane 2. Arachnoid : thin, delicate, middle, web-like cushion 3. Pia mater: innermost, highly vascular, richly supplied with blood |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of meninges |
| The fluid filling the space between meninges, ventricles of brain and central canal | CSF |
| Cerebral hemispheres are _____ and walls have two regions: outer _____ and inner_________ | hollow cortex medulla |
| Gray Matter | outer cortex of cerebrum / inner medulla of spinal cord contains cytons of neurons which are greyish in colour |
| White matter | The inner medulla of cerebrum/ outer cortex of spinal cord contains axons of neurons in white colour |
| sulci and gyri | Gray matter is folded to form convolutions sulci-grooves gyri- folds |
| Why convolutions in brain? | To increase the surface area to accommodate nerve cells |
| Corpus Callosum | Sheet of fibres seperating the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
| Function of corpus callosum | transmit information from one cerebral hemishpere to the other |
| Function of Cerebrum | Seat of intelligence conciousness will power. controls all voluntray actions |
| How does water content in leaves affect rate of photosynthesis? | A decrease in the water level causes the guards cells to become flaccid and close which reduces intake of carbon dioxide which in turn results in reduction of photosynthesis |
| Genetics | The study of heredity i.e., the transmission of body features from parent to offspring and the laws realting to such transmission |
| Father of Genetics | Gregor J. Mendel |
| Name two modern applications of genetics | Genetic Engineering Genetic counselling |
| Genetic engineering | The technique of altering the genetic constitution of an organism by introducing new genes into its chromosomes. |
| First product of genetic engineering | Insulin |
| Genetic counselling | Newly married couples are recommended to consult a specialist regarding the possibilities of any undesirable trait which their children mught inherit. |
| Name three diseases which can be prevented by genetic counselling | Thalassemia Haemophilia Sickle cell anaemia |
| Heredity | Transmission of genetically based characteristics from parent to offspring or the genetic constitution of an individual. |
| Like Begets Like | Young ones look like their parents |
| Variation | Small differences among individuals of the same species |
| Character | Any inheritable feature of an organism |
| Trait | Alternative forms of a character |
| Karyotype | Arranging chromosomes according to their size and shape on a chart |
| Homologous chromosomes | A pair of corresponding hormones of the same shape and size one obtained from each parent |
| Chromosomes pairs 1-22 are known as _______ | Autosomes |
| 23rd pair of chromosomes is called __________ | sex chromosomes/allosomes |
| Autosomes | Chromosomes that determine general body features like height, complexion etc. |
| Allosomes | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism |
| Child produced is female . What happens during fertilization? | The egg is fused with an X bearing sperm resulting in XX combination |
| Child produced is male. What happens during fertlization? | The egg X fuses with the Y bearing sperm resulting in XY combination. |
| What is the probability that the offspring of a newly married couple is a daughter? | 50% |
| The term gene was coined by _______ | Wilhelm Johanssen |
| The specific part of a chromosome that determines the hereditary characters | Gene |
| Genome | Full complement of DNA including genes and intergenic regions of an organism |
| Alternative forms of genes | Allele |
| Allele | Alternative forms of genes occupying the same position on the homologous chromosomes and affecting the same chracteristic in different ways |
| Dominant allele | The kind of allele which expresses itself regardless of the presence of another allele for a given gene |
| Recessive allele | The kind of allele whose expression is suppressed in the presence of a dominant allele |
| Genetic constitution of an organism | Genotype |
| Expressed character of an organism | Phenotype |
| Homozygous pair of chromosomes | Chromosomes with similar pair of alleles |
| Heterozygous chromosomes | Chromosomes with dissimilar pair of alleles |
| Genotype | Set of genes present in the cells of an organism |
| Phenotype | Observable characters which are genetically controlled |
| Gametes | Eggs/sperms which contain only half the amount of genetic material of an organism |
| Polydactyly | extra fingers and toes |
| Polydactyly is recessive. True or False. | False |
| Albinism | Total absence of skin pigments |
| Camptodactyly | Inability to straighten the little finger |
| Camptodactyly is dominant/recessive | dominant |
| Pentadactyly | 5 fingers |
| Sex linked inheritance | Appearance of a trait due to the presence of an allele exclusively either on X chromosome or the Y chromosome |
| Name two diseases caused by X linked inheritance | Colour blindness Haemophilia |
| Colour blindess | An inherited disease due to which the affected individual cannot distinguish between certain colour especially green or red |
| Haemophilia | An inherited disease in which the affected individual is at a risk of bleeding to death as their blood fails ti clot in them |
| X linked inheritance is also called __________ | Criss cross inheritance |
| Scientific name of garden pea | Pisum Sativum |
| Why did Mendel select garden peas? | 1. Many varieties in alternative forms of character available 2. Available in pure forms that bred true 3. Normally slef pollinated but this was prevented by removing reproductive parts 4. It has a short life span so many generations in short period |
| Crossing pure breeding varieties with one character is known as ____________ | Monohybrid cross |
| Crossing pure breeding varieties with 2 features is ____________ | Dihybrid cross |
| Law of Dominance | Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together only one is able to express itself while the other remains suppressed. |
| Law of Segregation is also called ___________ | Law of purity of gametes |
| Law of Segregation | The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | When there are two pairs of characters, the distribution of an allele of one character into a gamete is independent of the distrubution of an allele of the other character |
| Application of Mendel's laws | 1. Plant & Animal Breeders - produce better breeds 2. Gives us idea about the new progeny of hybrids and enables us to predict their frequency 3. new plants with new useful combinations can be made. |
| Mutation | Mutation is the sudden change in one or more genes or in the number of structure of chromosomes. |
| Name 3 diseases caused by mutation | Sickle cell anemia radioactive radiations Down Syndrome |
| Sickle cell anemia | The RBCs become sickly shaped due to DNA chnage due to mutation |
| Down syndrome | The 21st chromosome is XXX therefore the person has 47 chromosomes. |
| Need for transport inside body [need for circulatory system] | 1. Digestive system - nutrients - body parts 2. Body parts - waste - excretory system 3. Respiratory system - gases - body parts - vice versa 4. Hormones - directly poured into blood - target organ |
| Name three circulating fluids | Blood Lymph Tissue Fluid |
| Name 2 kinds of circulatory systems | Open Closed |
| Open circulatory system | A system where the blood flows through the open spaces in the body . |
| Closed circulatory system | A system where the blood flows in a closed manner through blood vessels. |
| Name 2 non circulating fluids and their location | Synovial fluids - cavities of skeletal joints Vitreous humour - eye |
| Properties of blood | 1. Never stationary 2. Bright red - artery , Dark red - veins 3. 5-6 Litres in average adult 4. Saltish, slightly alkaline 7.3 to 7.45 |
| Transport by blood | 1. Transport of digested food 2. Transport of oxygen - forms oxyhaemoglobin 3. Transport of carbon dioxide - forms carbaminohaemoglobin 4. Transport of hormones 5. Transport of ecretory materials 6. Distribution of heat |
| Protection by blood | 1. Formation of clot 2. Phagocytosis 3. Produces antitoxins to neutralises poisonous substnaces or kill germs enterung the body |
| Mention two uses of a clot | 1. Prevent further blood loss 2. Prevent entry of disease causing germs |
| Name the two components of blood | Plasma - 55-60% Corpuscles - 40-45% |
| Name the main components of blood plasma and their percentage | Water - 90-92% Proteins - 7-8% Inorganic salts - 1% Other susbtances - traces |
| Name the salts present in blood plasma | Sodium chloride Sodium Bicarbonate |
| Substances present in blood plasma | Glucose, fibrinogen, hormones, urea, amino acids |
| Plasma - Fibrinogen = ____________ | Serum |
| Name the colourless liquid found on clots | Serum |
| Explain the shape and structure of an RBC | Minute, biconcave disk shaped structures flat in the centre and thick and rounded at periphery 7 micron in diameter |
| RBCs in average adult male , female and new born infants | 5 million per mm3 4.5 " 6-7 " |
| Hameoglobin | Respiratory pigment which is the effective chemical contituent of RBC contained in its colourless spongy body or stroma |
| Colourless spongy bod in RBCs | Stroma |
| Constituents of Haemoglobin | Haemin - iron containing part Globin - protein |
| Carbon Monoxide poisoning | Due to the high affinity of haemoglobin for carbon monoxide, it readily combines with it to form stable compound carboxyhaemoglobin which reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the haemoglobin which sometimes leads to deat |
| Where are RBCs produced ? | Adults - marrow of long bones - breast, ribs , ileum of hip girdle Embryo - liver and spleen Children - bone marrow of all bones till age of 5 |
| How are RBCs destroyed? | They are destroyed in the liver, bone marrow and spleen . Their iron containing part is retained in the liver while the rest is excreted as a bile pigment |
| Why does a mature RBC lack mitochondria? | So that they cannot use oxygen for themselves for cellular respiration. |
| Why does a mature RBC lack ER? | To proved increased flexibility to move through narrow capillaries. |
| RBC count is lowered by ____________ during sleep and increased by ______________ at heights above 4200 m above sea level | 5% 30% |
| Plycythaemia | Abnormally increased count of RBCs |
| Erythropenia | Abnormally decreased RBC count |
| WBC: _________ _________: Erythrocytes Platelets : ____________ | Leukocytes RBC Thrombocytes |
| Structural difference between RBC and WBC | RBC - Biconcave , no nucleus , haemoglobin WBC- amoeboid , nucleus present , no haemoglobin |
| Number of WBC | 4000-8000 per mm3 |
| Diapdesis | Squeezing of WBCs through the capillary walls using pseudopodia into the tissues |
| Two kinds of WBC | Granular Agranular |
| Types of Granular WBC and their percentage | Neutrophils - 55-70 Eosinophils - 1-3 Basophils - 0.5-1 |
| Two main features of granular WBC | 1. Cytoplasm has granules 2. Nucleus is constricted into lobes |
| Features of Neutrophils | 1. 3-4 2. Granular cytoplasm 3. Stained with neutral dyes |
| Features of eosinophils | 1. 2 lobes 2. Large cytoplasmic granules 3. Stained with eosin / acid dyes |
| Features of basophils | 1. Indistinctly lobed 2. Stained with basic dyes |
| Function fo neutrophil | Phagocytosis |
| Function of eosinophils | Phagocytosis Secrete antitoxins Associated with allergy |
| Function of basophils | Produce histamine during inflammation to dilate blood vessels |
| Where are granular WBCs made | Bone Marrow |
| Features of Non granular WBC | 1. Cytoplasm has no granules 2. Siingle large nucleus |
| Two types of agranular WBC and their percentage | Lymphocytes - 20-35 Monocytes - 3-8 |
| Features of monocytes | 1. Largest WBC 2. Changes to macrophages at the site of infection 3. Nucleus is kidney shaped |
| Features of lymphocytes | 1. Smallest WBC 2. Single large nucleus |
| Functions of monocytes | Ingest germs |
| Function of lymphocytes | Produce antibodies |
| Site of formation of the monocytes | Bone marrow |
| Site of formation of lymphocytes | Bone marrow, lymph glands |
| Where are WBCs produced | Red bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver and spleen |
| Average lifespan of WBC | 2 weeks |
| Leukemia | Cancer of the WBC producing tissue causing a manifold increase in the number of WBC at the cost of RBCs. |
| Treatment for Leukemia | Blood transfusion |
| Leukopenia | Abnormal decrease in the WBC count |
| Mention functions of WBC | 1. Phagocytosis 2. Inflammation 3. Formation of antibodies |
| Phagocytosis | WBCs especially neutrophils engulf particle like solid substances like bacteria |
| What indicated infection in the body? | An abnormal in WBC count up to 50000 or more perm mm3 |
| Inflammation | Inflammation occurs due to the reaction of tissues to injury or localized invasion of germs |
| Symptoms of inflammation | Increased local heat, redness, swelling, pain |
| Pus | Dead WBCs along with the tissue destroyed by the bacteria |
| Function of antitoxins | Neutralises/detoxifies poisonous effect of toxins |
| Structure of thromocytes | Minute oval or round non nucleated structures floating in the blood |
| Number of platelets | 200000-400000 per mm3 |
| How are platelets formed? | Platelests are derived from large cellsin the red bone marrow called the megakaryocytes. They are budded of from the megakaryocytes such that each one is completely surrounded by a memebrane |
| Lifespan of platelets | 3-5 days |
| Explain the process of clotting | 1. Tissues + platelets break down at injury to give thrombokinase. 2. Thrombokinase as enzyme+ Ca ion converts prothrombin to thrombin 3. Thrombin + Ca ions converts fibrinogen to fibrin. 4. cells stuck in fibrin mesh. Serum squeezed out. Solid - clot |
| Vitamin required for production of prothrombin | Vitamin K |
| Fibrin | Solid substances that form threads that are sticky and form a mesh at a wound |
| Clot is formed by | blood moving over rough surface |
| decrease in platelet count leads to _________- | Haemorrhage |
| Blood transfusion | Injecting blood to aperson undergoing surgery when needed |
| Blood is taken from a ___________ and given to a ________ during blood transusion | Donor Recipient |
| Proteins on the surface of RBCs are known as __________ |
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