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Micro bio CH 1 defs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aseptic technique | the manipulation of sterile instruments or culture media in such a way as to maintain sterility |
| Cell wall | A rigid layer present outside the cytoplasmic membrane; it confers structural strength on the cell |
| Chemolithotropy | A from of metabolism in which energy is generated from the oxidation of inorganic compounds |
| Colony | a macroscopically visible population of cells growing on solid medium, arising from a single cell |
| Contrast | the ability to resolve a cell or structure from its surroundings |
| Culture | a collection of microbial cells grown using a nutrient medium |
| Cytoplasm | the fluid portion of a cell, enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane |
| Cytoplasmic membrane | a semipermeable barrier that separates the cell interior (cytoplasm) from the environment |
| Differentiation | modification of cellular components to form a new structure, such as a spore |
| Domain | one of the three main evolutionary lineages of cells: the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya |
| DNA replication | the process by which information from DNA is copied into a new strand of DNA |
| Enrichment culture technique | a method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions |
| Enzyme | a protein (or in some cases an RNA) catalyst that functions to speed up chemical reactions |
| Eukaryotic | having a membrane-enclosed nucleus and various other membrane-enclosed organelles; cells of Eukarya |
| Evolution | a change over time in gene sequence and frequency within a population of organisms, resulting in descent with modification |
| Extremophiles | microorganisms that inhabit environments characterized by extremes of temperature, pH, pressure, or salinity |
| Genome | an organism’s full complement of genes |
| Gram-negative | a bacterial cell with a cell wall containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane |
| Gram-positive | a bacterial cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; it lacks the outer membrane of gram-negative cells |
| Gram stain | a differential staining procedure that stains cells either purple (gram-positive cells) or pink (gram-negative cells |
| Growth | in microbiology, an increase in cell number with time |
| Gut microbiome | the microbial communities present in the animal gastrointestinal tract |
| Horizontal gene transfer | the transfer of genes between cells through a process uncoupled from reproduction |
| Intercellular communication | interactions between cells using chemical signals |
| Koch’s postulates | a set of criteria for proving that a given microorganism causes a given disease |
| Macromolecules | a polymer of monomeric units, for example proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids |
| Magnification | the optical enlargement of an image |
| Medium (plural, media) | in microbiology, the liquid or solid nutrient mixture(s) used to grow microorganisms |
| Metabolism | all biochemical reactions in a cell |
| Microbial community | two or more populations of cells that coexist and interact in a habitat |
| Microbial ecology | the study of microorganisms in their natural environments |
| Microorganism | an organism that is too small to be seen by the unaided human eye |
| Motility | the movement of cells by some form of self-propulsion |
| Nucleoid | the aggregated mass of DNA that makes up the chromosome(s) of prokaryotic cells |
| Nucleus | a membrane-enclosed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s DNA genome |
| Organelle | a bilayer-membrane-enclosed structure such as the mitochondrion, found in eukaryotic cells |
| Pathogen | a disease-causing microorganism |
| Phylogenetic tree | a diagram that depicts the evolutionary history of organisms |
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of organisms |
| Plasmid | an extrachromosomal genetic element that is not essential for growth |
| Prokaryotic | lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles; cells of Bacteria or Archaea |
| Pure culture | a culture containing a single kind of microorganism |
| Resolution | the ability to distinguish two objects as distinct and separate when viewed under the microscope |
| Ribosomes | a structure composed of RNAs and proteins upon which new proteins are made |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | the types of RNA found in the ribosome |
| Spontaneous generation | the hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter |
| Sterile | free of all living organisms (cells) and viruses |
| Transcription | the synthesis of an RNA molecule complementary to one of the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule |
| Translation | the synthesis of protein by a ribosome using the genetic information in a messenger RNA as a template |
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