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devlopmnt & learning
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning (CC) | automatic responses are associated with new stimulus (have no control) -Acquisition: initial learning |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS, US) | (CC) a stimulus that elicits an automatic or involuntary response -initial stimulus (where no learning has occurred yet) ex: food |
| unconditioned response (UCR, UR) | (CC) any original response that occurs naturally (no learning yet) -naturally occurring response ex: salvation |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | (CC) stimulus that initially does not elicit the reflex or automatic response ex: bell |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | (CC) neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response that is previously did not -NS that creates learned response ex: bell |
| conditioned response (CR) | (CC) the leanred or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus (learning has occurred) -learned response ex: salvation |
| higher order conditioning | a news NS becomes a new CS when associated with previous CS -if bell=food, and bell is with light, then light=food |
| extinction | CR diminishes with no CS |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of an extinguished response |
| generalization | similar conditioned stimuli will elicit a response -John Watson Little Albert Experiment |
| discrimination | distinguish difference between stimuli -can be applied to operant conditioning |
| conditioned emotional responses | emotional response to a stimuli through classical conditioning -butterflies -phobias |
| taste aversion | we avoid foods that make us sick -one trial conditioning -biological preparedness |
| biological preparedness | predisposition to learn paired responses more quickly |
| habituation | decrease in response to repeated stimulis -you stop noticing your neighbor typing |
| operant conditioning | learning based on consequences -law of effect -BF Skinner -Skinner box=operant conditioning chambers |
| law of effect | desirable effects are repeated, undesirable results are not |
| reinforcer | given to increase behavior -Primary: biologically imporant (food, drink) -Secondary: (learned/ money, grades) -token economy |
| token economy | exchanged for special privilege |
| reinforcement vs punishment | -reinforcement increases -punishment decreases -positive smth is added -negative smth is taken away or avoided |
| positive reinforcement | the behavior causes something to happen, which encourages the behavior in the future |
| negative reinforcement | the behavior causes something to NOT happen, (something is avoided or subtracted), which encourages the behavior in the future |
| positive punishment | the behavior causes something to happen which discourages the behavior in the future |
| negative punishment | the behavior causes smth to NOT happen, which discourages the behavior in the future |
| shaping | reinforces steps for desired behavior -toilet training -pet tricks *watch out for instinctive drift-->going back to their animal instinct |
| superstitious behavior | has no effect on outcome but still believe -lucky shirt |
| learned helplesness | feel as if they have no control of repeated aversive (bad) events |
| schedules of reinforcement | continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement: fixed ratio & variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval -variable schedules are more resistant to extinction, variable ratio is the best |
| ratio= | number of responses |
| interval= | time |
| fixed= | set |
| variable | random |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforced every time -behavior can be extinguished if not reinforced once or twice |
| partial reinforcement | reinforced some of the time (never know when you're going to get it) -fixed ratio -variable ratio |
| fixed ratio | reinforced after set/certain # of correct responses |
| variable ratio | reinforced after varied # of responses, # changes randomly -ex: slot machine |
| fixed interval | reinforced after correct response after a set amt of time |
| variable interval | reinforced after correct response after a varied amt of time |
| cognitive learning | a type of learning that focuses on mental processes such as thinking, problem solving, and memory, instead of just observable behavior -latent learning, cognitive maps |
| latent learning | reinforced later -rats who were not reinforced for doing a maze ran it as quickly as the rats that were reinforced -humans can anticipate future rewards |
| cognitive maps | mental image of birds eye view of area- multiple paths |
| insight learning | aha moment (answer might pop in your mind hours later) |
| social learning theory | a theory that individuals learn behaviors through observationg of others, combining behavior and mental processes |
| vicarious conditioning | someone gets scared, you will as well |
| modeling | seeing someone laugh, you will laugh too, laugh track-observation and immitation |
| Bobo the clown doll experiment | children who watched aggressive model showed aggressive behavior on the doll |
| stimulus | any event or situation that triggers a response |
| acquisition | initial learnig |
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