Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
OAT Bio Day One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are atoms and how do they form molecules? | Atoms are made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Molecules are groups of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds, which form due to electron interactions between atoms. |
| What is electronegativity? | Electronegativity describes the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons within a bond. High electronegativity means the atom pulls the electrons closer to itself. |
| What is an ionic bond? | An ionic bond involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, occurring between atoms with very different electronegativities. It exists between ions (charged atoms or molecules). |
| What is a covalent bond? | A covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared between atoms with similar electronegativities. They can be single, double, or triple bonds. |
| What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds? | Nonpolar bonds have equal sharing of electrons (highly similar electronegativity). Polar bonds have unequal sharing of electrons (slightly different electronegativity), resulting in formation of a dipole. |
| What is a dipole? | A dipole is a difference in charge between two parts of a molecule. |
| What are the two conditions required for hydrogen bonding? | 1) The molecule must have a hydrogen covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (F, O, N), and 2) That same hydrogen atom is attracted to another highly electronegative atom (F, O, N). |
| What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds? | Intramolecular H-bonds occur within a molecule, while intermolecular H-bonds occur between molecules. |
| What are Van der Waals interactions? | Van der Waals interactions are weak, temporary attractions between atoms or molecules in close proximity. They occur due to the transient, uneven distribution of electrons in a molecule at any given time. |
| Why is water an excellent solvent? | The dipoles of H₂O can interact with opposite charges in polar or ionic molecules, surrounding them with a hydration shell (like dissolves like). |
| Why don't nonpolar hydrophobic substances dissolve in water? | Nonpolar hydrophobic substances lack permanent dipoles or charges, so they are not attracted by water and do not dissolve easily. |
| What is the significance of water's high heat capacity? | The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of water is high, which makes water very temperature stable. |
| Why does ice float on water? | Water is denser as a liquid than as a solid. In ice, H-bonds become rigid and form a crystal structure that keeps molecules separated further apart than they are in liquid form. |
| What is cohesion and what does it enable? | Cohesion is the attraction between like molecules, such as molecules of H₂O. Water has high cohesion due to H-bonds, which produces high surface tension. This allows small organisms like insects to walk on water. |
| What is adhesion? | Adhesion is the attraction between unlike substances, such as water and non-water substances (e.g., using a wet finger to flip a page). |
| What is capillary action and how does it relate to cohesion and adhesion? | Capillary action is the ability of liquid to flow without external forces (e.g., against gravity). Adhesion and cohesion collectively explain capillary action. This helps water flow upward through plants during transpiration. |
| What are micromolecules? | Micromolecules are essential nutrients that the body cannot produce in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from the diet. |
| What are minerals and what are their functions? | Minerals are inorganic ions (e.g., Calcium, Potassium) found intracellularly and extracellularly. They function in bone development, establishing electrochemical gradients for muscles and nerves, and in hemoglobin. |
| What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins? | Fat-soluble vitamins have excess deposited in body fat and overconsumption can lead to toxicity. Water-soluble vitamins have excess that is not stored in the body and are excreted in urine. |
| What are the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions? | Vitamin A (visual pigment and epithelial maintenance), Vitamin D (regulates calcium levels; synthesized when UV light strikes skin), Vitamin E (antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals), Vitamin K (important for blood clotting). |
| What are the water-soluble vitamins and their functions? | Vitamin B (coenzymes or precursors to coenzymes; 8 different B-group vitamins), Vitamin C (important for collagen synthesis; deficiency leads to scurvy). |
| What are macromolecules? | Macromolecules are large organic molecules containing carbon atoms, composed of monomers (single subunits) that link together to form polymers (series of repeating monomers). |
| What are the four major biological macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | Dehydration synthesis is the process by which monomers combine to form polymers, producing an H₂O molecule. |
| What is hydrolysis? | Hydrolysis is the process by which an H₂O molecule is used to break polymer linkages. |
| What are the functions, monomer, polymer, and linkage type of carbohydrates? | Functions: energy storage and structural molecules. Monomer: monosaccharide. Polymer: polysaccharide. Linkage type: glycosidic bonds (can be alpha or beta). |
| What are monosaccharides? | Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose). |
| What are disaccharides and give examples? | Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage. Examples: glucose + fructose = sucrose, glucose + galactose = lactose, glucose + glucose = maltose. |
| What are polysaccharides? | Polysaccharides are series of connected monosaccharides that form long chains. |
| What is the difference between starch and glycogen? | Both are α-glucose polymers with branched structure. Starch stores energy in plants, while glycogen stores energy in animals. |
| What is the difference between cellulose and chitin? | Both are β-glucose polymers with no branching (linear polysaccharides). Cellulose is a structural molecule in plant cell walls. Chitin is a structural molecule in fungi cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons and contains nitrogen atoms. |
| Can humans cleave beta glycosidic linkages? | No, humans cannot cleave beta glycosidic linkages. Some animals (e.g., cows) can cleave these linkages because of bacteria in their gut. |
| What are the basic characteristics of lipids? | Lipids are nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules. |
| What are the functions, monomer, polymer, and linkage type of lipids? | Functions: insulation, energy storage, cell structure. Monomer: hydrocarbon (not true monomers). Polymer: hydrocarbon chain (not true polymers because they lack repeating monomer units). Linkage type: covalent carbon-carbon bonds. |
| What are triglycerides? | Triglycerides are three non-polar fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone (a 3-carbon molecule). Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds (forms straight chains), stack densely and form fat plaques (less healthy). Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds (branched structure), stack loosely and do not form fat plaques (more healthy). |
| What are phospholipids and why are they important? | Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. They contain a polar (phosphate) head and nonpolar (fatty acid) tail, making them amphipathic. |
| How do phospholipids arrange themselves in water? | Phospholipids form a bilayer in water with the polar heads facing the aqueous environments inside and outside the cell, while the fatty acids face each other, forming a hydrophobic region. |
| What are steroids? | Steroids are four joined hydrocarbon rings. They form steroid hormones, cholesterol (a cell membrane component), vitamin D, and bile acids. |
| What are porphyrins and give examples? | Porphyrins are 4 joined pyrrole rings with a central metal atom. Examples: Chlorophyll (central Mg absorbs light) and hemoglobin (central Fe transports oxygen). |
| How do cells modify their membranes in cold temperatures? | In cold temperatures, cells add cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids to the cell membrane to prevent excess membrane stiffness. |
| How do cells modify their membranes in hot temperatures? | In hot temperatures, cells add cholesterol and saturated fatty acids to the cell membrane to prevent excess membrane fluidity. |
| What is the role of cholesterol in membranes? | Cholesterol prevents excess membrane fluidity and rigidity. |
| What are the functions, monomer, polymer, and linkage type of proteins? | Functions: structural molecules, storage, transport, immunity, hormones, enzymes, signaling, motor functions, fluid balance, channels, and pumps. Monomer: amino acid. Polymer: peptide. Linkage type: peptide bonds. |
| What is the primary structure of a protein? | Primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids connected by peptide bonds, determined by the sequence of translated mRNA codons. |
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? | Secondary structure is the 3D shape resulting from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. It includes alpha helix and beta sheet. |
| What is the tertiary structure of a protein? | Tertiary structure is the 3D structure due to interactions between amino acid R groups, including H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effect, disulfide bonds, and Van der Waals forces. |
| What is the quaternary structure of a protein? | Quaternary structure is the 3D structure that arises from multiple protein subunits joining together. |
| Which macromolecules have disulfide bonds? | Proteins are the only macromolecules with disulfide bonds (and sulfur atoms in general). |
| What is protein denaturation? | Protein denaturation is the loss of 3D structure (protein retains only primary structure), leading to loss of protein function, which is dependent on 3D shape. |
| What are the denaturation agents? | Temperature, pH, change in salt concentration, UV light, and chemicals. |
| What are the functions, monomer, polymer, and linkage type of nucleic acids? | Functions: store, transmit, and express the genetic material of cells. Monomer: nucleotide. Polymer: nucleic acid (DNA and RNA). Linkage type: phosphodiester bond. |
| What are the components of a nucleotide? | Nitrogen base (A, C, G, T, U) + five carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) + phosphate group. |
| What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? | Purines are nucleotides with double ring nitrogen bases (adenine, guanine). Pyrimidines are nucleotides with single ring nitrogen bases (cytosine, uracil, thymine). |
| What is the structure of DNA? | DNA is a double-stranded polymer containing the deoxyribose sugar group. Two strands of nucleic acid are intertwined to form a double helix. Nucleotides on the same strand are connected by phosphodiester bonds. |
| What does it mean that DNA is antiparallel? | DNA is antiparallel means each strand runs 5' → 3' in opposite directions. |
| What does it mean that DNA is complementary? | DNA is complementary means nitrogen bases on one strand bind to their complementary base on the opposing strand (forming a base pair). Adenine binds to Thymine (AT base pair), and Guanine binds to Cytosine (GC base pair). |
| How many hydrogen bonds hold together AT and GC base pairs? | AT base pairs are held together by 2 H-bonds, while GC base pairs are held together by 3 H-bonds. Nucleic acids with more GC base pairs require higher temperatures to separate the strands. |
| What is Chargaff's Rule? | Chargaff's Rule states that the number of purines is always equal to the number of pyrimidines. In other words, A + G = T + C (implied: A = T and C = G). Example: If a DNA molecule is 20% Adenine, it must also be 20% Thymine. |
| What are the key differences between RNA and DNA? | RNA contains the ribose sugar group (has an extra OH group compared to deoxyribose), making RNA more reactive than DNA. RNA is usually single stranded. RNA does not contain thymine but instead has uracil, which basepairs with adenine. |
Created by:
smurtab