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History
Henry VIII and his Ministers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did Henry become King? | 1509 |
| When was Wolsey appointed as one of Henry's advisors? | 1510 |
| What happened in 1512-1514? | War with France, expensive, Wolsey impressed Henry with his organisation |
| When did Wolsey become chancellor and chief minister? | 1515 |
| What and when was the Field of Cloth of Gold? | 1520 - where Henry met Francis near calais to show off his power |
| What was the Amicable Grant? | Ordered by Wolsey in 1525 to raise money for the French war |
| Why was the Amicable Grant controversial? | Not passed by Parliament, people only had 10 weeks and could not afford it |
| What were the consequences of the Amicable Grant? (3) | Wolsey humiliated and couldn't raise taxes which limited his and the King's power, Large rebellion and War postponed |
| Top 3 Tudor society? | God, King, Nobles |
| What were the Trades? | Wool and cloth exported to the Netherlands |
| What was London in terms of trade? | Biggest city and centre of Trade |
| Four strengths of Henry VIII? | England was rich, connections to Spain through Catherine, team of experienced advisors and England was stable |
| Two weaknesses of Henry VIII? | Wanted power by any means and not willing to do day-to-day tasks |
| What was Wolsey's enclosure reform? | Fenced divisions for landowners to graze sheep for wool. But left tenant farmers with little land. |
| What was Wolsey's justice reform? | Strengthened star chamber, gave poor more power in court (leading to many court cases against landowners) |
| What were the Eltham Ordinances? | Spending cuts in palaces, to spend money elsewhere |
| What were Wolsey's financial reforms? | Subsidy (Tax on income), Landowners lent money to gov, crown lands (took land from the nobility) |
| What were Wolsey's foreign policy aims? | Create better relationships with France and Roman empire to give Henry the opportunity for military glory and allow him to be peacemaker |
| Benefit of 1514 Battle of Spurs? | Gave victory to Henry in France |
| What was the Treaty of London (1518)? | Organised by Wolsey and agreed peace between 20 European countries and put England at the centre of politics |
| What else was successful in Wolsey's foreign policy? | Field of Cloth and Gold (1520) |
| Why was the Treaty of Bruges (1522-1525) a fail? | Charles V did not give Henry military support to gain the French throne and was expensive and unpopular. |
| Why was the Treaty of Cambrai peace (1529) a fail? | Took place without Henry and Wolsey damaging their influence |
| What were the 3 main reasons Henry wanted an annulment? | No male heir to the throne + in love with Anne Boleyn + believed God was punishing him for marrying dead brother's wife |
| Why was the annulment so difficult? | Cardinal Campeggio constantly delayed a decision, Thomas moore and the commoners supported Catherine for her charity work and the Pope was refusing |
| What were the 4 main factors for Wolsey's fall from power? | Amicable Grant, Foreign Policy Failure, Failure of Annulment, The Boleyns (Spread rumours) |
| Who was Thomas Cromwell? | Served as chief minister to Henry from 1532-1540 |
| How did Cromwell get the King his annulment? | 1534 Act of Succession (Only kids from second marriage can be heirs) & Act of Supremacy (The king now controlled the english church, not the pope) |
| Why did Henry break away from the Church in Rome? | Pope's failure to gain annulment, Protestant influence from Cromwell and Allegations of corruption in the church |
| What happened to Anne Boleyn in 1536? | Executed for adultery and treason |
| What caused the fall of Anne Boleyn? | Miscarriage not giving male heir, Opinionated and loud personality and people in court spread rumours (Seymours) |
| What were Cromwell's royal council reforms? | Smaller privy council (professional admins and lawyers stopping rich nobles dominating) + clerk appointed to record decisions |
| What were Cromwell's financial reforms? | Set up court of augmentation to deal with money from dissolution of monasteries and set up court of first fruits and tenths to deal with taxes prev sent to Pope |
| What were Cromwell's Wales reforms? | Wales put under english control and law. To tackle problems in Wales and gain support of Welsh gentry by giving equal power to English gentry |
| How did Cromwell use Parliament? | Gain support of Nobility, controlled parliament to pass laws the King wanted and he was an mp + intimidated the opposition |
| Explain Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves? | Organised by Cromwell to get Protestant Ally, Henry thought she was ugly and divorced her, Henry was upset with Cromwell |
| Why did Cromwell fall from power? | Enemies disagreed with Protestant views, Duke of Norfolk had influence to Henry + Marriage to anne of cleves led to distrust |
| What was the Dissolution of the Monasteries? | Henry confiscated property of this and gained power over the church and financial income. |
| What was the Pilgrimage of Grace? | Uprising led by Robert Aske in 1536, angry over increasing taxes, homeless beceause of dissoluction of monasteries |
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