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Stack #4601330
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition, an ordered internal atomic structure (forming crystals), and distinct physical properties like hardness, color, and luster, serving as the fundamental building blocks of rocks |
| element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances |
| atom | the fundamental building block of all matter, composed of a central nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) surrounded by electrons |
| compound | a substance from two or more elements chemically bonded |
| matter | anything that has mass (substance) and takes up space (volume), making up everything in the universe, from atoms and molecules to everyday objects, liquids, and gases |
| crystal | a highly ordered, repeating pattern |
| streak | a line of different color/texture, a series of consecutive events (like a winning streak), a personality trait (stubborn streak), or a quick movement |
| luster | the way light reflects off a surface, describing its sheen, gloss, or sparkle |
| cleavage | the hollow between a woman's breasts when supported, especially as exposed by a low-cut garment. |
| weathering | the natural process of breaking down rocks, soils, and minerals at the Earth's surface by physical, chemical, and biological forces, such as water, wind, ice, temperature changes, and living organisms, resulting in smaller pieces or dissolved substances |
| erosion | the natural process where soil, rock, and dissolved materials are worn away from the Earth's surface and transported to another location by natural forces like water, wind, ice, or gravity, often after being loosened by weathering |
| deposition | A deposition is a formal, out-of-court, sworn testimony where a witness or party answers questions from opposing lawyers, recorded by a court reporter, |
| igneous rock | a type of rock formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava) |
| sedimentary rock | formed from accumulated layers of weathered rock fragments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates that get compacted and cemented together (lithification) over time, often in flat beds or strata, and frequently contain fossils |
| metamorphic rock | pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic types) transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical fluids deep within the Earth, changing their texture, mineral composition, and crystal structure without fully melting them |
| rock cycle | Earth's continuous process where igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks transform into one another over geologic time |
| uplift | various positive movements, programs, or concepts, including geological upward land movement |
| subsidence | the gradual sinking or sudden collapse of the Earth's surface |
| rift zone | a geological area where the Earth's crust is pulling apart, creating cracks, faults, and valleys, often associated with volcanic activity as magma rises through these weaknesses |
| crust | the outermost, solid, and thinnest layer of Earth, |
| mantle | the, roughly, 2,900-kilometer-thick, mostly solid silicate rock layer situated between the crust and the outer core, comprising about 84% of Earth's volume |
| convection | the transfer of heat through the physical movement of a heated fluid (liquid or gas) |
| core | he central, innermost, or most fundamental part of an object, system, or concept, varying by field, but most famously referring to Earth's iron-nickel center that generates our magnetic field, or the essential components (protons, neutrons) of an atom |
| lithosphere | the rigid, outermost shell of the Earth, encompassing the crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle |
| asthenosphere | a ductile, semi-fluid layer of the upper mantle located 100–700 km below the Earth's surface, situated directly beneath the rigid lithosphere |
| mesosphere | the third layer of Earth's atmosphere, located above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere, extending roughly from 50 km (31 miles) to 85-100 km (53-62 miles) high |
| pangea | a supercontinent that assembled about 300–335 million years ago during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras |
| sea-floor spreading | the geological process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates pull apart, allowing magma from the mantle to rise, solidify, and push older crust away, driving continental drift and plate tectonics. |
| plate tectonics | a geological process at divergent boundaries where tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise from the mantle, cool, and create new oceanic crust. |
| tectonic plates | massive, rigid, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock, composed of Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle), that glide slowly over the hotter, more mobile asthenosphere below |
| convergent boundary | occurs where two or more tectonic plates collide and move toward each other, resulting in intense geological activity. |
| divergent boundary | a tectonic plate boundary where two plates move apart, causing magma to rise from the Earth's mantle, solidify, and form new crust, leading to features like mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, accompanied by shallow earthquakes. |
| transform boundary | a type of tectonic plate boundary where two plates slide horizontally past one another, |
| deformation | the change in an object's shape, size, or volume when a force is applied |
| folding | the bending of rock layers due to tectonic pressure in geology, and the shaping of protein chains into functional 3D structures in biology. |
| fault | a fracture or zone of fractures in the Earth's crust along which there has been significant displacement, or movement, of the rock blocks relative to each other. |
| shear stress | a type of force in science that acts parallel to a material's surface, causing layers to slide past each other, |
| tension | the pulling force transmitted axially through a flexible connector—such as a rope, cable, chain, or string—when it is pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends. |
| compression | the reduction of an object's volume or the forcing of particles closer together due to applied inward pressure |
| earthquake | the sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by the release of energy in the lithosphere, usually when tectonic plates slip or rocks break along a fault line. |
| focus | the point where rays of light, radiation, or waves converge (or appear to diverge) after passing through a lens or reflecting off a mirror. |
| epicenter | n science, specifically seismology, the epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter (or focus) |
| tectonic plate boundary | the active edge where two or more of Earth's rigid lithospheric plates meet, move, and interac |
| elastic rebound | describes how rocks store stress from tectonic forces, deform (like bending a ruler), and then suddenly slip along a fault, releasing energy as seismic waves (an earthquake) as they snap back toward their original, unstrained shape |
| volcano | an opening, rupture, or vent in a planet's crust that allows hot magma, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from beneath the surface |
| magma | an extremely hot, liquid and semi-liquid mixture of molten rock, suspended crystals, and dissolved gases found beneath the Earth's surface in the crust or mantle. |
| lava | molten rock (magma) that has erupted from a volcano or fissure onto the surface of a planet or moon |
| vent | an opening or fissure allowing the escape of fluids, gases, or materials |
| hot spot | a fixed, intensely hot region in the Earth's mantle, independent of tectonic plate boundaries, where magma plumes rise to create volcanoes. |
Created by:
Laylani colon