A naturally occurring, nonliving solid with a definite chemical makeup and crystal shape.

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.

The smallest part of an element that keeps its properties.

A substance made when two or more elements combine chemically.

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

A solid with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern.

The color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed on a surface.

How light reflects from the surface of a mineral.

The way a mineral breaks along flat surfaces.

The breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.

The movement of weathered rock by wind, water, ice, or gravity.

The dropping of sediments in a new place.

Rock formed from cooled magma or lava.

Rock formed from layers of sediments pressed together.

Rock changed by heat and pressure.

The process that forms, breaks down, and changes rocks over time.

The rising of Earth’s surface.

The sinking of Earth’s surface.

An area where Earth’s crust is pulling apart.

The thick layer beneath the crust.

Movement of material caused by differences in temperature.

The rigid outer layer made of the crust and upper mantle.

The soft layer of the mantle that flows slowly.

The strong lower part of the mantle.

A supercontinent that included all of Earth’s land.

New ocean crust forming at mid-ocean ridges.

The theory that Earth’s plates move and change the surface.

Large pieces of Earth’s lithosphere.

Where plates move toward each other.

Where plates slide past each other.

A change in the shape of Earth’s crust.

Bending of rock layers from compression.

A break in Earth’s crust where movement occurs.

Stress that pushes rocks in opposite directions.

Stress that squeezes rocks together.

The point inside Earth where an earthquake starts.

The point on Earth’s surface above the focus.

Sudden release of energy when rocks snap back after stress.

An opening in Earth where magma reaches the surface.

Melted rock beneath Earth’s surface.

Magma that reaches Earth’s surface.

The opening where lava and gases escape.

An area where magma rises through the crust.

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Earth's Structures

Term	Definition
mineral	A naturally occurring, nonliving solid with a definite chemical makeup and crystal shape.
element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.
atom	The smallest part of an element that keeps its properties.
compound	A substance made when two or more elements combine chemically.
matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space.
crystal	A solid with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern.
streak	The color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed on a surface.
luster	How light reflects from the surface of a mineral.
cleavage	The way a mineral breaks along flat surfaces.
weathering	The breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces.
erosion	The movement of weathered rock by wind, water, ice, or gravity.
deposition	The dropping of sediments in a new place.
igneous rock	Rock formed from cooled magma or lava.
sedimentary rock	Rock formed from layers of sediments pressed together.
metamorphic rock	Rock changed by heat and pressure.
rock cycle	The process that forms, breaks down, and changes rocks over time.
uplift	The rising of Earth’s surface.
subsidence	The sinking of Earth’s surface.
rift zone	An area where Earth’s crust is pulling apart.
crust	Earth’s thin outer layer.
mantle	The thick layer beneath the crust.
convection	Movement of material caused by differences in temperature.
core	Earth’s hot, dense center.
lithosphere	The rigid outer layer made of the crust and upper mantle.
asthenosphere	The soft layer of the mantle that flows slowly.
mesosphere	The strong lower part of the mantle.
pangea	A supercontinent that included all of Earth’s land.
plate tectonics	New ocean crust forming at mid-ocean ridges.
tectonic plates	The theory that Earth’s plates move and change the surface.
convergent boundary	Large pieces of Earth’s lithosphere.
divergent boundary	Where plates move toward each other.
transform boundary	Where plates move apart.
deformation	Where plates slide past each other.
folding	A change in the shape of Earth’s crust.
fault	Bending of rock layers from compression.
shear stress	A break in Earth’s crust where movement occurs.
tension	Stress that pushes rocks in opposite directions.
compression	Stress that pulls rocks apart.
earthquake	Stress that squeezes rocks together.
focus	The point inside Earth where an earthquake starts.
epicenter	The point on Earth’s surface above the focus.
tectonic plate boundary	Where two plates meet.
elastic rebound	Sudden release of energy when rocks snap back after stress.
volcano	An opening in Earth where magma reaches the surface.
magma	Melted rock beneath Earth’s surface.
lava	Magma that reaches Earth’s surface.
vent	The opening where lava and gases escape.
hot spot	An area where magma rises through the crust.

Created by: Summer Cali Taylor Hudson

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