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Earth's Structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | A natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition and an orderly internal structure. |
| element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number. |
| atom | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. |
| compound | A substance made up of atoms or ions of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds. |
| matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| crystal | Natural solid substance that has a definite geometric shape. |
| streak | The color of a mineral in powered form. |
| luster | The way in which a mineral reflects light. |
| cleavage | In geology, the tendency of a mineral to split a long specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces. |
| weathering | The natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks. |
| erosion | The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another. |
| deposition | the process in which material is laid down. |
| igneous rock | Rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies. |
| sedimentary rock | A rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment. |
| metamorphic rock | A rock that forms from other rocks as a result of intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes. |
| rock cycle | the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes. |
| subsidence | The sinking of regions of the Earth's crust to lower elevation. |
| rift zone | An area of deep cracks that forms between two tectonic plates that are pulling away from each other. |
| crust | The thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle. |
| mantle | The layer of rock between the Earth's crust and core. |
| convection | The movement of matter due to differences in density; the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter. |
| core | The central part of Earth below the mantle. |
| lithosphere | The solid, other layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. |
| asthenosphere | The soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move. |
| mesosphere | The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core. |
| pangaea | The supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break 200 million years ago. |
| sea-floor spreading | the process by which new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms when magma rises to earths surface at mid-ocean ridges and solidifies, as older, existing sea floor moves away from the ridges. |
| plate tectonics | The theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape. |
| tectonic plates | A block of lithosphere that consist of the crust and the rigid, outer part of the mantle. |
| convergent boundary | The boundary between tectonic plates at are colliding. |
| divergent boundary | the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other |
| transform boundary | Th boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally. |
| earthquake | the movement or trembling of the ground that is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks along a fault move. |
| focus | the location within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs. |
| epicenter | the post of Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point, or focus. |
| tectonic plate boundary | The edge between two or more plates classified as divergent, convergent, or transformed by the movement taking place between the plates. |
| fault | A break in a body of rock along which one block moves relative to another. |
| deformation | the bending, tilting, and breaking of earths crust; the change in the shape of rock in response to stress. |
| elastic rebound | the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. |
| folding | The bending of rock layers due to stress. |
| shear stress | An environmental factor that is not associated with the activities of living organisms. |
| tension | Stress that occurs when forces act to stretch an object. |
| compression | Stress that occurs when forces act too squeeze an object. |
| elastic rebound | The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. |
| volcano | a vent or fissure in Earth's surface through which magma and gasses are expelled. |
| lava | Magma that flows into Earths surface. |
| vent | An opening at the surface of earth through which volcanic material passes. |
| hot spot | A. volcanically active area of Earth's surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary. |
| uplift | The rising of regions on the Earth's crust to higher elevations. |
Created by:
Daneissa Belizaire